近30余年来盛夏东亚东南季风和西南季风频率的年代际变化及其与青藏高原积雪的关系

利用地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料集,使用相关分析、合成分析等方法,在将地面风分为东南季风和西南季风的基础上,分析了近30余年来盛夏东亚季风频率的年代际变化特征。结果表明:盛夏东南季风、西南季风频率和前期春季青藏高原积雪均在21世纪初期发生了显著的年代际变化;东南季风、西南季风频率由较少改变为较多,春季青藏高原积雪则由深变浅。由于青藏高原积雪厚度发生了年代际变浅,说明青藏高原发生了年代际变暖和南亚高压变强,南亚高压的年代际变强,使得其下游对流层低层(18°~28°N,108°~118°E)的反气旋性环流异常增强,有利于东亚西南季风频率的增加;同时,由于高原发生湿反馈作用,使得淮河地区降水发生年代际变多,由Sverdrup涡度平衡关系,降水的异常增多通过潜热释放,使得东亚副热带高压异常加强,而副热带高压异常变强则有利于盛夏东亚东南季风频率发生年代际增加。     

2012年11月吉林省东南山区两次雨转暴雪过程对比分析

利用常规资料、探空资料和雷达垂直风廓线资料,对2012年11月5-6日、11-12日吉林省东南部山区两次雨转暴雪过程进行了对比分析。结果表明,两次过程的影响系统是高空冷涡配合不同发展阶段的地面气旋东移发展,强降水性质分别为锢囚锋区降水和地面气旋的暖区降水。系统的动力抬升条件与长白山区地形抬升作用结合有利于强降水的产生和加强,当天气系统从不同路径进入山区,强降水的位置不同。低层充足的水汽是大到暴雪发生的重要条件之一,两次过程的水汽分别来自东南风带来的海上暖湿气流和槽前西南急流的水汽输送。雨转雪和纯雪持续的主要原因是系统带来的冷空气降温,气温的降低可以促使雨转雪的发生。     

不同积雪深度下地面温度与雪面温度的相关

基于新疆昌吉州5个国家气象站2008—2010年积雪深度大于等于0 cm的实测地面温度与雪面温度,对0 cm地面温度（含最高、最低）、雪面温度（含最高、最低）及云量、日照时数、雪深进行统计分析,找出不同积雪深度下地面温度与雪面温度的关系,并以阜康市天池气象站2011年所有积雪日数据对关系模型作检验。结果显示：地面温度与雪面温度的关系有3个雪深分层：5 cm以下、6~40 cm和40 cm以上,积雪深度为0~5 cm时,地面温度与雪面温度差值很小,受雪深及天气条件影响明显,雪深6~40 cm,主要受雪深影响,雪深超过40 cm,地面温度趋于定值。     

Evaluation of spatial variability in snow water equivalent for a high mountain catchment

Multivariate statistical analysis was used to explore relationships between catchment topography and spatial variability in snow accumulation and melt processes in a small headwater catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees. Manual surveys of snow depth and density provided information on the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) and its depletion over the course of the 1997 and 1998 melt seasons. A number of indices expressing the topographic control on snow processes were extracted from a detailed digital elevation model of the catchment. Bivariate screening was used to assess the relative importance of these topographic indices in controlling snow accumulation at the start of the melt season, average melt rates and the timing of snow disappearance. This suggested that topographic controls on the redistribution of snow by wind are the most important influence on snow distribution at the start of the melt season. Furthermore, it appeared that spatial patterns of snow disappearance were largely determined by the distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) at the start of the melt season, rather than by spatial variability in melt rates during the melt season. Binary regression tree models relating snow depth and disappearance date to terrain indices were then constructed. These explained 70–80% of the variance in the observed data. As well as providing insights into the influence of topography on snow processes, it is suggested that the techniques presented herein could be used in the parameterization of distributed snowmelt models, or in the design of efficient stratified snow surveys. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal and spatial variability of cation and silica export in an alpine watershed,Emerald Lake,California

A reaction set of possible mineral weathering reactions is proposed to explain observed cation and silica export for the Emerald Lake watershed, a small Sierra Nevada, California catchment. The reaction set was calculated through a stoichiometric mole‐balance method, using a multiyear record of stream flow and snowpack chemical analyses and site‐specific mineral compositions. Reaction‐set calculations were intended to explore how the processes controlling stream cation and silica export depend on differing bedrock mineralogy across the catchment as snowmelt and runoff patterns change over the year. Different regions within the watershed can be differentiated by lake inflow subdrainages, each exhibiting different stream‐flow chemistry and calculated weathering stoichiometry, indicating that different silica and cation generation processes are dominant in wet steep portions of the catchment. Short‐term differences in stream concentrations were assumed to reflect ion exchange equilibria and rapid biological processes, whereas long‐term persistent stream concentration differences in different areas of the catchment were assumed to reflect spatial variability in mineral weathering stoichiometry. Mineralogical analyses of rock samples from the watershed provided site‐specific chemical compositions of major mineral species for reaction calculations. Reaction sets were evaluated by linear regression of calculated versus observed differences between snowmelt and stream‐flow chemistry and by a combined measure. Initially, single weathering reactions were balanced and evaluated to determine the reactions that best explained observed stream chemical export. Next, reactions were combined, using mineral compositions from different rock types to estimate the dependence of ion fluxes on lithology. The seasonal variability of major solute calculated fluxes is low, approximately one order of magnitude, relative to the observed three orders of magnitude variability in basin discharge. Reaction sets using basin‐averaged lithology and Aplite lithologies gave superior explanations of stream chemical composition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南极纳尔逊冰帽的雪层及其成冰作用研究

纳尔逊冰帽雪—粒雪的演化依赖于融水渗浸冻结作用下的暖变质过程。积雪的密实化过程的快慢,取决于温度条件和融水的参与程度,以及自身的物理状况。粒雪的密实化过程表现为均匀且变幅小。纳尔逊冰帽成冰深度在23～25m,成冰历时17～19年。成冰带分为暖渗浸—重结晶带,渗浸—冻结带,消融带。     

近40年北疆年积雪日数变化的CEOF分析

通过1961—2001年间北疆年积雪日数的CEOF分析,研究了40年来北疆年降雪日数的时空变化特点。结果表明：北疆年积雪日数场有波动特征。第一种类型为南—北一致偏多(偏少)型,空间位相相近,并有6．4年和3．6年的周期。第二种类型为西南—东北一致偏多(偏少)型,空间位相相近,并有6.4年的周期。第一复主分量的时间位相和第二复主分量的时间振幅峰值年可用于年积雪日数的预测。     

Snow water equivalent over Eurasia in the next 50 years projected by aggregated CMIP3 models

Based on remote sensing snow water equivalent (SWE) data, the simulated SWE in 20C3M experiments from 14 models attending the third phase of the Coupled Models for Inter-comparison Project (CMIP3) was first evaluated by computing the different percentage, spatial correlation coefficient, and standard deviation of biases during 1979–2000. Then, the diagnosed ten models that performed better simulation in Eurasian SWE were aggregated by arithmetic mean to project the changes of Eurasian SWE in 2002–2060. Results show that SWE will decrease significantly for Eurasia as a whole in the next 50 years. Spatially, significant decreasing trends dominate Eurasia except for significant increase in the northeastern part. Seasonally, decreasing proportion will be greatest in summer indicating that snow cover in warmer seasons is more sensitive to climate warming. However, absolute decreasing trends are not the greatest in winter, but in spring. This is caused by the greater magnitude of negative trends, but smaller positive trends in spring than in winter. The changing characteristics of increasing in eastern Eurasia and decreasing in western Eurasia and over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau favor the viewpoint that there will be more rainfall in North China and less in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in summer. Additionally, the decreasing rate and extent with significant decreasing trends under SRES A2 are greater than those under SRES B1, indicating that the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) will speed up the decreasing rate of snow cover both temporally and spatially. It is crucial to control the discharge of GHG emissions for mitigating the disappearance of snow cover over Eurasia.     

Methods for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow

In order to thoroughly investigate the diversity of glacier microorganisms, four DNA extraction methods with different lysis patterns were tested and two screened methods (the Bosshard-Bano method and the Zhou method) were optimized for the most effective form of the filter membrane (cut vs. uncut), the DNA extraction method, and the precipitation method. The two optimized methods were then compared with the commercial Mo-Bio DNA extraction kit, and the results showed that the kit was generally suitable for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow. Procedurally, it was found that a modified Bosshard- Bano method (i.e., cutting the filter membrane into pieces, using a specific lysis pattern [lysozyme (5 mg/mL)-protease K (1 mg/mL)-CTAB (1%)-SDS (1%)], performing the extraction only once by chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1), and conducting DNA precipitation by pure ethanol) was also an effective and less expensive method for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow.