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171.
This study investigates the dynamic behavior of suspended sediment load transport at different temporal scales in the Mississippi River basin. Data corresponding to five successively doubled temporal scales (i.e. daily, two‐day, four‐day, eight‐day and 16‐day) from the St. Louis gaging station in Missouri are analyzed. The investigation is focused on identifying possible low‐dimensional deterministic behavior in the suspended sediment load transport dynamics, with an aim towards reduction in model complexity. The correlation dimension method is used to identify low‐dimensional determinism. The suspended sediment load dynamics are represented through phase‐space reconstruction, and the variability is estimated using the (proximity of) reconstructed vectors in the phase space. The results indicate the presence of low‐dimensional determinism in the suspended sediment load series at each of the five temporal scales, with the variables dominantly governing the dynamics in the order of three or four. These results not only suggest the appropriateness of relatively simpler models but also hint at possible scale invariance in the suspended sediment load transport dynamics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
172.
Many studies focus on the effects of vegetation cover on water erosion rates, whereas little attention has been paid to the effects of the below ground biomass. Recent research indicates that roots can reduce concentrated flow erosion rates significantly. In order to predict this root effect more accurately, this experimental study aims at gaining more insight into the importance of root architecture, soil and flow characteristics to the erosion‐reducing potential of roots during concentrated flow. Treatments were (1) bare, (2) grass (representing a fine‐branched root system), (3) carrots (representing a tap root system) and (4) carrots and fine‐branched weeds (representing both tap and fine‐branched roots). The soil types tested were a sandy loam and a silt loam. For each treatment, root density, root length density and mean root diameter (D) were assessed. Relative soil detachment rates and mean bottom flow shear stress were calculated. The results indicate that tap roots reduce the erosion rates to a lesser extent compared with fine‐branched roots. Different relationships linking relative soil detachment rate with root density could be established for different root diameter classes. Carrots with very fine roots (D < 5 mm) show a similar negative exponential relationship between root density and relative soil detachment rate to grass roots. With increasing root diameter (5 < D < 15 mm) the erosion‐reducing effect of carrot type roots becomes less pronounced. Additionally, an equation estimating the erosion‐reducing potential of root systems containing both tap roots and fine‐branched roots could be established. Moreover, the erosion‐reducing potential of grass roots is less pronounced for a sandy loam soil compared with a silt loam soil and a larger erosion‐reducing potential for both grass and carrot roots was found for initially wet soils. For carrots grown on a sandy loam soil, the erosion‐reducing effect of roots decreases with increasing flow shear stress. For grasses, grown on both soil types, no significant differences could be found according to flow shear stress. The erosion‐reducing effect of roots during concentrated flow is much more pronounced than suggested in previous studies dealing with interrill and rill erosion. Root density and root diameter explain the observed erosion rates during concentrated flow well for the different soil types tested. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于尺度的GIS空间资料表达模型 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
介绍了基于层的GIS空间资料表达方法易于进行空间查询与空间分析处理的优点,针对其引起的地图难以进行扩展与图像显示转换困难的缺点,提出了基于尺度(比例尺)的空间资料表达新方法.在基于尺度的空间资料表达方法中,地图可以由空间对象,区域,尺度视图三级尺度模型表达.对尺度方法下的地图结构,地图组织,指标结构,地图扩展等在理论上作了探讨,提出了基于尺度的方法与已广为使用的基于层的方法的有效集合,将有可能成为地理信息表达研究的最重要研究方向. 相似文献
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区域地质调查(区调)是国家重要的基础性工作。近年来,随着我国经济、社会的快速发,调整区调工作布局,加快区调工作步伐已迫在眉睫。本从国民经济、社会发展的需求和国家“十五”计划的要求出发,分析了全国区调工作的现状和发展趋势,对依靠科技进步,调整区调部署、加快区调进度的紧迫性、可行性及目标任务进行了论述,指出了尽快将区调工作纳入全面服务社会的轨道、2005年优先安排并完成青藏高原空白区1;25万区调工作、2010年前全面完成全国中比例尺区调任务并出版中国第一套相关基础地质系列图件的基本思路。章特别指出,区调提速一定要确保野外填图的质量,工作部署一定要坚持实事求是的原则。要依靠计算机、遥感等高新技术实现区调提速,要在提速过程中实现区调工作主流程的信息化。 相似文献
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中国宏观经济的国际评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以世界平均水平为参照系,对中国的宏观经济特征进行概括和评价,中国在经济规模上是发展很快的大国,在经济水平上是不断提高的究国,在经济结构上具有相对完整的国民经济体系和工业经济体系,中国宏观经济的主要问题是第三产业和城镇化严重滞后,经济效益相对低下,行为开支比例太高,而科技教育投入明显不足。 相似文献
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石灰岩是北京地区优势矿种,然而开发利用程度低下,产品结构单一,没有高技术含量和高附加值产品,本文通过造纸,塑料业超细重钙应用装况分析,认为一发超细重质碳酸钙制品才是根本出路。 相似文献