EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF LOW-LYING PRAIRIE WETLAND IN MIDDLE REACHES OF HEIHE RIVER IN NORTHWEST CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NW aterbalance and interactions are foundation to utilizew aterresources rationally in arid inland river basins inC hina (W U etal.,2005).W ateravailability in those ar-eas m ay be the m ain constraint to poverty alleviation,publiche…     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

Two Types of Flash Drought and Their Connections with Seasonal Drought

Flash drought is a rapidly intensifying drought with abnormally high temperature, which has greatly threatened crop yields and water supply, and aroused wide public concern in a warming climate. However, the preferable hydrometeorological conditions for flash drought and its association with conventional drought at longer time scales remain unclear. Here, we investigate two types of flash drought over China: one is high-temperature driven (Type I), while the other is water-deficit driven (Type II). Results show that the frequencies of the two types of flash drought averaged over China during the growing season are comparable. Type I flash drought tends to occur over southern China, where moisture supply is sufficient, while Type II is more likely to occur over semi-arid regions such as northern China. Both types of flash drought increase significantly (p0.01) during 1979-2010, with a doubled rise in Type I as compared with Type II. Composite analysis shows that high temperature quickly increases evapotranspiration (ET) and reduces soil moisture from two pentads before the onset of Type I flash drought. In contrast, there are larger soil moisture deficits two pentads before the onset of Type II flash drought, leading to a decrease in ET and increase in temperature. For flash drought associated with seasonal drought, there is a greater likelihood of occurrence during the onset and recovery phases of seasonal drought, suggesting perfect conditions for flash drought during transition periods. This study provides a basis for the early warning of flash drought by connecting multiscale drought phenomena.     

权衡耕地保护与城市扩张的永久基本农田划定--以武汉市为例

永久基本农田划定是实现耕地保护、土地集约利用以及保障粮食安全的有效方式。然而城市的快速扩张给永久基本农田划定带来了挑战,如何协调城市扩张与耕地保护两者的关系、科学合理地划定永久基本农田亟待解决。本文以武汉市为例,结合LESA(Land Evaluation and Site Assessment)方法及LANDSCAPE模型(LAND System Cellular Automata Model for Potential Effects)综合考虑永久基本农田划定与城市扩张的冲突,进行永久基本农田划定,试图协调耕地保护与城市扩张对土地资源需求的矛盾,为"多规合一"背景下科学划定永久基本农田提供方法借鉴,为优质耕地保护及土地利用优化布局提供决策参考。①运用LESA方法对武汉市的耕地进行综合质量评价及等级划分;②基于LESA综合评价结果,运用LANDSCAPE模型对武汉市永久基本农田划定及城镇建设用地扩张进行模拟;③将LANDSCAPE模型划定的永久基本农田结果与基于LESA方法划定的结果进行数量、质量和空间形态上的对比分析。结果表明:2种方法划定的永久基本农田面积相当,质量差异不大。但在空间形态上,基于LANDSCAPE模型的划定结果明显优于基于LESA方法:划定的永久基本农田集中连片分布,形状较为规则。值得注意的是,LESA方法划定的永久基本农田中有15.8%将被新增城镇建设用地侵占,而LANDSCAPE模型能够有效避免这部分永久基本农田被侵占。     

基于MOD16的汉江流域地表蒸散发时空特征

基于MOD16遥感产品,在数据精度验证的基础上,运用GIS统计法、线性趋势法等研究了2000~2014年汉江流域蒸散发的年际和年内变化规律及不同土地覆被类型下的蒸散发特征。结果表明：① 2000~2014年,潜在蒸散发(PET)多年平均值为1 476 mm,呈东南向西北递减态势;实际蒸散发(ET)多年平均值约654 mm,ET呈东低西高,南高北低态势。不同土地覆被类型下年均PET和ET大小顺序相反。② PET年际变化率为13.63 mm/a,呈弱增加趋势;ET年际变化率为-2.3 mm/a,呈弱减少趋势,表明汉江流域水资源呈减少趋势。PET空间上呈东增西减趋势,ET呈东减西增趋势,东北部具有干旱化倾向。③ 年内PET和ET呈单峰型。PET在6月最大,ET在7月最大,二者均在12月最小。二者在4~6月差距最大,形成春旱。不同土地覆被类型下PET和ET呈单峰型,植被生长季节ET差距大,林地增长速度最快。④ PET和ET具有较强的季节性。ET季节性空间差异非常显著,在于林地的植被蒸腾作用对全年ET贡献较大。流域西部山地ET季际增加趋势明显而东部呈减少趋势,整体上冬季年际变化最明显,春季最弱。     

中国西北地区蒸发散量计算的遥感研究

自然陆面区域蒸发散的教育处是一个复杂的问题，在利用遥感资料求取地表特征参数的基础上，首先建立了2种极端条件下（裸露地表和全植被覆盖）的裸土蒸发和全植被覆盖蒸散计算模型，然后结合植被覆盖度给出非均匀陆面条件下的区域蒸发散计算方法，实测资料验算表明该模型具有较高的计算精度，最后利用该模型对我国西北5省区的蒸发散量进行了计算，并对该研究区蒸发散的特点进行了分析。     

武陟县耕地保护研究

武陟县位于黄河北岸，是国家农业商品基地县之一，耕地保护意义重大。全文在分析了武陟县耕地现状的基础上，根据社会经济发展的需要，对末来耕地保护的面积进行了预测，并对基本农田保护区的划定原则及保护措施进行了探讨。     

黄淮海平原冬小麦最大可能蒸散的估算

作物最大可能蒸散考虑了作物及当地地表状况,为当地地表实际覆盖情况下实际蒸散的理论上限值,能客观分析作物对水分的需求程度和农业干旱状况。基于遥感（叶面积指数和地表反照率）数据和逐日气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式,计算黄淮海平原小麦种植区27个气象站冬小麦生育期2000-2015年逐日蒸散,提取得到冬小麦生育期逐日最大可能蒸散数据集,并分析其时空变化特征及成因。结果表明:与联合国粮农组织（FAO）单作物系数法计算的最大可能蒸散E_k对比,区域平均最大可能蒸散E_c的时间变化趋势与E_k一致,空间分布上E_c符合客观实际。黄淮海平原冬小麦全生育期、越冬期和返青-拔节期E_c均呈北低南高的分布特征,日平均值分别为1.99 mm,0.44 mm和2.75 mm;其余3个生育期（越冬前、抽穗期、乳熟-成熟期）在空间分布上差异不大,日平均值分别为1.23 mm,4.71 mm和3.74 mm。冬小麦不同生育期（含全生育期）E_c的空间分布主要受叶面积指数分布特征的影响,二者呈显著正相关关系。     

Potential influence of climate change on ecosystems within the Boreal Plains of Alberta

Ecosystems within the subhumid Boreal Plains of Northern Alberta host ecologically and commercially significant habitat and natural resources. However, these ecosystems exist under a delicate hydrologic balance that may be upset as the climate warms by 2 to 5 °C over the next century. In this study, numerical simulations were used to predict climate change impacts at a catchment composed of a mosaic of Boreal Plains ecosystems including a small pond, peatlands with sparse black spruce, and hillslopes with predominantly aspen forests. Simulations were conducted with a fully integrated groundwater–surface water code using a 2‐D model previously calibrated to a decade of hydrologic data that included a range in climatic conditions. Projections from 13 climate change scenarios were simulated from 2011 to 2090 and compared to a base case scenario that assumed no climate change. Results indicate peatland water levels may decline by up to 1 m; however, sensitivity simulations indicate that the decline in water levels may be moderated by several feedback mechanisms that restrict evaporative losses and moderate water level changes. In contrast, higher evapotranspiration losses from the aspen hillslopes are predicted to result in near‐surface soils becoming increasingly drier. Thus, the aspen may frequently be water stressed and increasingly susceptible to secondary maladies such as pests and disease. Reduced pond water levels are also predicted with the development of frequent ephemeral conditions in warmer and drier scenarios. Concurrent decreases in stream flow may further impact downstream ecosystems. Further research into the regional health and sustainability of Boreal Plains ecosystems is warranted and could benefit from the development of improved numerical tools capable of extending the processes considered.     

Further evaluation of the Sim-ReSET model for ET estimation driven by only satellite inputs

Abstract

A simple remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) model (Sim-ReSET) has been proposed but only tested using field measurements at a site with a semi-arid climate. Its performance for mapping ET using only satellite data remained unknown. In this study, the Sim-ReSET model was further evaluated for ET estimation driven by only MODIS data products. The estimated ET rates were compared with ground-based observational data from a variety of ecosystems and climates across China. The results show that MODIS-based ET estimates are consistent with both the ET measurements from eddy covariance flux towers and those from the Penman-Monteith method combined with micrometeorological data. Evaporation fraction (EF) is indicative of land surface moisture. The derivative EF maps demonstrate that the proposed ET data set obtained from the Sim-ReSET model and MODIS data is capable of capturing the spatio-temporal pattern of land surface moisture for different land covers with different climates.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Sun, Z.G., Wang, Q.X., Matsushita, B., Fukushima, T., Ouyang, Z., Watanabe, M., and Gebremichael, M., 2013. Further evaluation of the Sim-ReSET model for ET estimation driven by only satellite inputs. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 994–1012.