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91.
对1991年4月16日影响河北地区中南部的一次西槽天气过程形成的降水性层状云微物理结构进行了分析。结果表明,降水主要发生在层状云的中上层,存在可供催化的过冷层和过冷水,但云体下层的供水云较薄,云底偏高,不利于降水的发展;实施人工增雨作业后,云层微结构出现相应变化(云滴和雨滴含水量增加,滴谱拓宽等)作业区与影响区雨量普遍增加,并与催化时间相吻合,这些可能与人工影响有关。 相似文献
92.
93.
过冷层状云中飞机播云有效区域的模拟研究 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
根据飞机人工增雨作业个例 ,利用层状云中催化剂输送扩散的三维时变模式 ,对过冷层状云中播云产生的有效区域、催化剂水平输送和扩散速率等进行了模拟研究。结果表明 :(1)飞机播云 4 5min线长 32 7km ,投影有效面积和有效体积在播云刚结束时 (5 0分 )达到极大 ,其值分别为 70 7km2 和 2 98.0km3 ,有效扩展宽度和厚度为 2 .5 1km和 0 .4 2km ;(2 )有效作用时段为 2 0~ 80min ,其间的投影有效面积平均值为 5 13.3km2 ,平均有效扩展宽度和厚度分别为 2 .4 1km和 0 .4 5km ;(3)在扩散作用下 ,投影有效面积和有效体积先随时间不断增加 ,达到极值后逐渐减小 ,播云结束 (5 5分 )后 ,云中的有效区域消失 ,其间的投影有效面积平均值为 389.7km2 ,平均有效扩展宽度和厚度分别为 2 .34km和 0 .4 4km ;(4)云中催化剂水平输送 1h的平均值达到 6 5km ,仅与风场有关。催化剂扩散速率 1h平均为 0 .82m/s,与风、温、湍流有关 ;(5 )在飞机增雨作业时 ,飞行方案的设计必须是严格科学的 ,以便进一步提高人工增雨的实效 相似文献
94.
95.
人工增雨作业条件预测方法研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
从国家级人工影响天气业务指导产品的卫星资料反演产品和模式产品中选择与安徽省自动雨量站1 h雨量和3 h雨量显著相关的产品作为因子,利用Fisher方法分别建立了安徽省各个季节各自动雨量站1 h和3 h的人工增雨作业条件二级判别方程,定量给出是否具备可作业条件的判断方法。回报试验表明,1 h作业条件判别方程的准确率可达到70%左右,3 h作业条件判别方程的判别准确率在50%以上,方程均有较好的预报准确率,可以用于人工增雨作业条件预测业务,但春秋季和夏季的空报率相对较高,需要在业务应用中引起注意。 相似文献
96.
收集了宁夏固原2007年5月至2008年4月的12个降尘样品,陕西安塞2007年5—8月、2008年3—11月的13个降尘样品,并分别在两个降尘采样点附近采集了2个自然表土样品,对样品进行了总有机碳、粒度、磁化率分析,结果发现两地降尘的总有机质含量在1.029%~6.634%之间。粒度特征显示近源搬运占主导地位,同时,工业污染产生的PM10以下颗粒物贡献较小。降尘磁化率比自然表土明显偏高,但季节变化不明显。 相似文献
97.
Microphysical Effects of Cloud Seeding in Supercooled Stratiform Clouds Observed from NOAA Satellite
Based on the satellite retrieval methodology, the spectral characteristics and cloud microphysical properties were analyzed that included brightness temperatures of Channels 4 and 5, and their brightness temperature difference (BTD), the particle effective radius of seeded cloud track caused by an operational cloud seeding and the microphysical effects of cloud seeding were revealed by the comparisons of their differences inside and outside the seeded track. The cloud track was actually a cloud channel reaching 1.5-km deep and 14-km wide lasting for more than 80 min. The effective radius of ambient clouds was 10-15μm, while that within the cloud track ranged from 15 to 26μm. The ambient clouds were composed of supercooled droplets, and the composition of the cloud within the seeding track was ice. With respect to the rather stable reflectance of two ambient sides around the track, the visible spectral reflectance in the cloud track varied at least 10%, and reached a maximum of 35%, the reflectance of 3.7μm in the seeded track relatively decreased at least 10%. As cloud seeding advanced, the width and depth were gradually increased. Simultaneously the cloud top temperature within the track became progressively warmer with respect to the ambient clouds, and the maximum temperature differences reached 4.2 and 3.9℃at the first seeding position for Channels 4 and 5. In addition, the BTD in the track also increased steadily to a maximum of 1.4℃, compared with 0.2-0.4℃of the ambient clouds. The evidence that the seeded cloud became thinner comes from the visible image showing a channel, the warming of the cloud tops, and the increase of BTD in the seeded track. The seeded cloud became thinner mainly because the cloud top descended and it lost water to precipitation throughout its depth. For this cloud seeding case, the glaciation became apparent at cloud tops about 22 min after seeding. The formation of a cloud track in the supercooled stratiform clouds was mainly because that the seeded cloud volume glaciated into ice hydrometeors that precipitated and so lowered cloud top height. A thin line of new water clouds formed in the middle of the seeded track between 38 and 63 min after seeding, probably as a result of rising motion induced by the released latent heat of freezing. These clouds disappeared in the earlier segments of the seeded track, which suggested that the maturation of the seeding track was associated with its narrowing and eventual dissipation due to expansion of the tops of the ambient clouds from the sides inward. 相似文献
98.
It is essential to learn the temporal and spatial concentration distributions and variations of seeding agents in cloud seeding
of precipitation enhancement. A three–dimensional puff trajectory model incorporating a mesoscale nonhydrostatic model has
been formulated, and is applied to simulating the transporting and diffusive characteristics of multiple line sources of seeding
agents within super–cooled stratus. Several important factors are taken into consideration that affect the diffusion of seeding
materials such as effects of topography and vertical wind shear, temporal and spatial variation of seeding parameters and
wet deposition. The particles of seeding agents are assumed to be almost inert, they have no interaction with the particles
of the cloud or precipitation except that they are washed out by precipitation. The model validity is demonstrated by the
analyses and comparisons of model results, and checked by the sensitivity experiments of diffusive coefficients and atmospheric
stratification. The advantage of this model includes not only its exact reflection of heterogeneity and unsteadiness of background
fields, but also its good simulation of transport and diffusion of multiple line sources.
The horizontal diffusion rate and the horizontal transport distance have been proposed that they usually were difficult to
obtain in other models. In this simulation the horizontal diffusion rate is 0.82 m s−1 for average of one hour, and the horizontal average transport distance reaches 65 km after 1 h, which are closely related
to the background fields. 相似文献
99.
Catastrophic mass movement of 1998 monsoons at Malpa in Kali Valley, Kumaun Himalaya (India) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A devastating landslide on 18 August 1998 near Malpa Village in Kali Valley of Higher Kumaun Himalaya killed 221 persons. The landslide was a complex rock fall–debris flow. The mass movement generated around one million cubic metres of debris and partially blocked the Kali River, Malpa Gad (a tributary of Kali) being blocked completely. The rock mass failed primarily due to the near vertical slopes hanging over the valley along joints, the formation of structural wedges along the free face, the sheared rock mass due to the close proximity of major tectonic planes, and the enhanced pore–water pressure due to prolonged heavy precipitation in the preceding days. The mesoscopic shear zone, exhibiting ramp and flat structure in quartzites, shows a southward thrust movement that might have generated shear stress in the rocks. The slide clearly demonstrates the distressed state of the rock mass in the Himalayan region due to the ongoing northward drift of the Indian plate. 相似文献
100.