The Varre-Sai chondrite,a Brazilian fall: petrology and geochemistry

The Varre-Sai meteorite fell along the border of the states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; on 19 June 2010 at 5:40 pm. Petrography and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) indicate that the rock is an L5 S4 chondrite, with blastoporphyritic texture that has not been previously described. Geochemical data based on major and rare-earth elements (REEs) show that Varre-Sai is highly similar to the other L chondrites. In Harker diagrams, Varre-Sai, L, and LL chondrites form a single group, suggesting no significant chemical differences between them and contributing to the long-standing debate of whether LL chondrites form a distinct group or whether they are a subset of the L group. Harker diagrams also define a trend from E to H and L/LL chondrites, similar to the cosmochemical trends suggested by other authors. The behaviour of Fe₂O_3t and NiO indicates a relationship with Fe-Ni alloys, and their trend in the diagram suggests some chemical differentiation in the ordinary chondrite parental bodies. The REE content in Varre-Sai, normalized to C chondrites, falls in the field of L chondrites and others, but with slight REE enrichment. The chemical differences in chondrites, mainly in REEs, Fe₂O_3t and NiO could be alternatively interpreted as variations in the inherited agglutinated materials as chondrules, Ca–Al-rich inclusions and Fe–Ni nodules.     

砂质海滩地形动力分类研究进展

海滩状态是一个地形与水动力相互作用的三维地形动力问题.国外对海滩状态的地形动力分类已开展了大量卓有成效的研究工作,既包括波控、小潮、开阔海岸海滩状态的研究,也包括波控、不同潮差海岸海滩类型的研究和岬间海岸海滩类型的研究.文中回顾并概括了自20世纪70年代至今国外在砂质海滩地形动力分类方面代表性的研究工作,这些对于我国的...     

1981—2020年贵州省降雪时空分布特征

利用1981—2020年贵州省降雪日数、初始日期、终止日期资料,分析了贵州降雪的气候特征,以及降雪日数与海拔高度、纬度的关系。结果表明：1） 贵州降雪日数西北多、南少,大值中心位于贵州西北部;降雪日数整体偏少,呈逐渐减小的趋势,2012年为突变点,整体上降雪日数每10 a减少1.6 d。降雪从11月开始出现,持续到次年3月,主要集中在冬季;开始时间集中在08—10时和20—21时;降雪具有明显的间歇性特征,降雪天气过程中仅发生1次降雪的占全部降雪过程的48.1%,主要在贵州南部,持续3 d及以上的过程集中在贵州中北部。2） 降雪初始日期集中在12、1月,最早11月;终止日期集中在2、3月,最晚4月。贵州中北部开始降雪多为12月,终止降雪多为2月;南部初始多为1月,终止降雪多为1—2月。贵州中北部降雪期更长,开始到结束间隔约为60—129 d,而南部大部为40 d以下,全省平均54 d。3） 降雪日数随着海拔高度每升高100 m增加2.3 d,纬度每增加1°增加11.4 d。     

Quantifying volcanic ash fall hazard to electricity infrastructure

Quantifying the potential ash fall hazards from re-awakening volcanoes is a topic of great interest. While methods for calculating the probability of eruptions, and for numerical simulation of tephra dispersal and fallout exist, event records at most volcanoes that re-awaken sporadically on decadal to millennial cycles are inadequate to develop rigorous forecasts of occurrence, much less eruptive volume. Here we demonstrate a method by which eruption records from radiocarbon-dated sediment cores can be used to derive forecasting models for ash fall impacts on electrical infrastructure. Our method is illustrated by an example from the Taranaki region of New Zealand. Radiocarbon dates, expressed as years before present (B.P.), are used to define an age-depth model, classifying eruption ages (with associated errors) for a circa 1500–10 500 year B.P. record at Mt. Taranaki (New Zealand). In addition, data describing the youngest 1500 years of eruption activity is obtained from directly dated proximal deposits. Absence of trend and apparent independence in eruption intervals is consistent with a renewal model using a mix of Weibulls distributions, which was used to generate probabilistic forecasts of eruption recurrence. After establishing that interval length and tephra thickness were independent in the record, a thickness–volume relationship (from [Rhoades, D.A., Dowrick, D.J., Wilson, C.J.N., 2002. Volcanic hazard in New Zealand: Scaling and attenuation relations for tephra fall deposits from Taupo volcano. Nat. Hazards, 26:147–174]) was inverted to provide a frequency–volume relationship for eruptions. Monte Carlo simulation of the thickness–volume relationship was then used to produce probable ash fall thicknesses at any chosen site. Several critical electrical infrastructure sites in the Taranaki Region were analysed. This region, being the only gas and condensate-producing area in New Zealand, is of national economic importance, with activities in and around the area depending on uninterrupted power supplies. Forecasts of critical ash thicknesses (1 mm wet and 2 mm dry) that may cause short-circuiting, surges or power shutdowns in substations show that the annual probabilities of serious impact are between ~ 0.5% and 27% over a 50 year period. It was also found that while large eruptions with high ash plumes tend to affect “expected” areas in relation to prevailing winds, the direction impacts of small ash falls are far less predictable. In the Taranaki case study, areas out of normal downwind directions, but close to the volcano, have probabilities of impact for critical thicknesses of 1–2 mm of around half to 60% of those in downwind directions and therefore should not be overlooked in hazard analysis. Through this method we are able to definitively show that the potential ash fall hazard to electrical infrastructure in this area is low in comparison to other natural threats, and provide a quantitative measure for use in risk analysis and budget prioritisation for hazard mitigation measures.     

Coeval strombolian and vulcanian-type explosive eruptions at Panarea (Aeolian Islands,Southern Italy)

In this paper, we document the evolution of the emergent Panarea dome in the Aeolian islands (Southern Italy), placing particular emphasis on the reconstruction of the explosive events that occurred during the final stage of its evolution. Two main pyroclastic successions exposing fall deposits with different compositions have been studied into detail: the andesitic Palisi succession and the basaltic Punta Falcone succession. The close-in-time deposition of the two successions, the dispersal area and grain-size distribution of the deposits account for their attribution to vents located in the western sector of the present island and erupting almost contemporaneously. Vents could have been aligned along NNE-trending regional fracture systems controlling the western flank of the dome and possibly its collapse. Laboratory analyses have been devoted to the characterization of the products of the two successions that have been ascribed to vulcanian- and to strombolian-type eruptions respectively. The vulcanian eruption started with a vent-clearing phase that occurred by sudden decompression of a pressurized magma producing ballistic bombs and a surge blast and the development of a vulcanian plume. Vulcanian activity was almost contemporaneous to strombolian-type fall-out eruptions. The coeval occurrence of basaltic and andesitic eruptions from close vents and the presence of magmatic basaltic enclaves in the final dacitic lava lobe of the dome allow us to speculate that the intrusion of a basaltic dyke played a major role in triggering explosive eruptions. The final explosive episodes may have been caused by extensional tectonics fracturing the roof of a zoned shallow magma chamber or by the intrusion of a new basaltic magma into a more acidic and shallow reservoir. Intrusion most likely occurred through the injection of dykes along the western cliff of the present Panarea Island inducing the collapse of the western sector of the dome.     

2018年青海人工增雨天气环流形势及作业条件统计分析

对2018年飞机人工增雨作业时的77个天气样本进行分析,以大气环流形势配合冷空气入侵青海的不同路径将人工增雨降水过程分为4种环流型：两槽一脊型、东高西低型、纬向环流型、横槽转竖型。作业云系以层状云和积层混合云为主;主要作业层风速在16 m·s^-1左右;作业层主导风向在230°~280°。雷达回波强度和雷达回波顶高在4种环流型中没有明显区别。卫星反演云顶高度中东高西低型云系平均发展较深厚,纬向环流型和横槽转竖型中云系发展较高但并不深厚;云顶温度最低在-40℃;最大光学厚度在13左右;过冷层厚度在2.7 km左右。云内微观条件中：有效粒子半径在13 μm左右;液水路径在东高西低型中较高在209 μm左右。     

拉萨市夏季大气降尘单颗粒矿物组成及其形貌特征

应用带能谱的电子扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)对拉萨市夏季正常天气下收集的大气自然沉降气溶胶样品进行分析,研究了拉萨市大气降尘矿物组成和各种物相形貌特征信息。拉萨市大气颗粒物含有硅酸盐颗粒、富钙颗粒、富铁颗粒、富碳颗粒(燃煤飞灰颗粒和燃油飞灰颗粒)和植物残体颗粒。根据颗粒物数量统计发现拉萨市大气颗粒物以硅酸盐颗粒为主,富钙颗粒和富铁颗粒次之,需要指出的是以燃油飞灰为主的富碳颗粒已占到一定比重,说明以燃油为主的机动车尾气对拉萨大气污染在加强。研究结果表明,大气降尘矿物成分及其形貌特征可以用作判定污染物来源的重要标志,拉萨大气中颗粒来源的多样性决定了治理措施也应综合进行。     

催化对降水区域外效应的中尺度数值模拟

The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5) has been used to investigate the extra-area effects of silver iodide (AgI) seeding on stratiform clouds performed at the supercooled layer.A bulk two-moment microphysical scheme and the new software package for silver iodide are incorporated in MM5.Extra conservation equations are applied to trace the seeding agent,which is transported along the flow field and interacts with the supercooled cloud fields.In this study,the model was run using three nested grids,with 3.3 km × 3.3 km horizontal resolution in the finest grid.The model results showed that seeding with AgI at the 5 to 15℃ levels had microphysical effects on the simulated clouds and that the simulation produced a longer-lasting seeding effect because of the transport of the seeding agent by upper-level winds.Most of the AgI particles acted as deposition nuclei,and the deposition nucleation process contributed mostly to additional cloud ice formation in this study.The results showed that more precipitation results from seeded than unseeded case,and the precipitation was redistributed downwind of the target.Augmented precipitation (varying from 5% to 25% downwind) was confined in space to within 250 km of the seeding target and in time to the 3-h period after initial seeding.     

层状云中飞机人工增雨作业间距的研究

利用数值试验方法, 设计了4 km, 8 km和20 km 三种飞机增雨播云间距方案, 研究了不同间距对有效区域的影响.从结果分析发现, 实际形成的播云线受水平风场输送作用, 与设计的航线产生了偏离; 不同播云间距形成的投影有效面积、有效作用时段不同, 其时空分布及投影有效面积所对应的地面位置也不尽相同.另外, 提出了增雨效益的数学表达式.效益分析表明, 在相同作业条件下, 8 km间距的增雨效益比20 km间距提高31%, 比4 km间距提高了23%, 4 km间距比20 km间距提高6%, 其物理原因主要是并合作用.最后, 针对交叉和平行播云方案, 提出了设计最佳播云间距的数学表达式.     

人工增雨降温机理的数值模拟研究: 对流云个例试验

为减轻夏季用电负荷,2004年我国许多省市实施了碘化银催化增雨降温作业。本文利用数值模拟方法讨论了强对流云(冰雹云)催化降温的机理。模拟结果表明,实施碘化银催化后,地面降雨量增加、降雹量减少、地面温度降低。催化使得云中冰晶、霰和雨水的含量增加,造成云雨蒸发、霰的融化(蒸发)及冰晶升华量增加,从而使空气温度降低。