北方冬季火箭增雪效果的探讨

利用播云温度窗和层状冷云概念模型,结合冬季系统云系降水特点,对冬季播云可行性进行了分析,提出了冬季火箭增雪策略,并指出了我国中高纬度北方深冬或高海拔地区冬季,总体缺乏作业条件,靠播"核"的人工增雪作业很难收到效果;中高纬度北方初冬和冬末季节或冬季温度常年在0℃左右中低纬度地区,可以采用短射程火箭开展人工增雪作业。     

Design,manufacture and calibration of the SARI portable rainfall simulator for field and laboratory experiments

The Simulator of Artificial RaInfall (SARI) rainfall simulator (RS) is a newly designed, constructed and calibrated, portable, two-nozzle RS with low water consumption, accurate measurement, easy management and low cost. The raindrop size distribution and velocity and mean rainfall intensity were measured. The best rainfall spatial distribution was achieved with nozzles separated by 50, 60 and 70 cm, and with oscillation angles of 30, 45 and 60°, at a pressure of 60 kPa. The uniformity coefficient varied from 57 to 61% and rainfall intensity from 48 to 101 mm h^?1. The raindrop diameter varied from 0.2 to 9.9 mm. The raindrop velocity at the optimum pressure of 60 kPa, which was measured with high-speed photography, ranged from 1.1 to 7.1 m s^?1. Comparison with other RSs shows that the SARI simulator is a suitable apparatus to research soil erosion and runoff generation under laboratory and field conditions.     

Effect of mixture sowing on biomass allocation in the artificially-planted pastures,Southeastern Tibetan

Artificial planting is an important measure to promote the restoration of degraded grassland and protect the ecological environment. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the allocation pattern between aboveground biomass(AGB) and belowground biomass(BGB) in different seeding types of artificially-planted pastures. We explored the variation in biomass and the relationship between above-and belowground biomass in four artificiallyplanted pastures with one species from Elymus nutans Griseb(EN, perennial), Elymus sibiricus Linn(ES, perennial), Medicago sativa Linn(MS, perennial), and Avena sativa Linn(AS, annual) and in six artificially-planted communities with mixtures of two species by seeding ratio 1:1 from the abovementioned grasses(EN + AS, MS + AS, EN + ES, MS + EN, MS + ES, AS + ES) in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that E. nutans is the most productive species with the highest biomass production among the single crops. MS + ES was the most productive group in 2015, while the group with the highest biomass production changed to AS + ES in 2016. AGB was positively correlated to BGB in the surface soil layer in the first year, but positively related to BGB in the subsoil layer in the second year. In the early stageof artificial grassland succession, plants allocated more biomass to aboveground parts, with a root to shoot(R/S) ratio of 1.98. The slope of the log-log relationship between AGB and BGB was 1.07 in 2016, which is consistent with the isometric theory. Different sowing patterns strongly affected the accumulation and allocation of biomass in artificiallyplanted grassland, E. sibiricus was the suitable plant in the alpine regions, which will be conducive to understanding vegetation restoration and plant interactions in the future.     

西北干旱半干旱区一次层状云系微物理特征分析

利用西北干旱半干旱区一次飞机探测资料、卫星资料,分析了层状云微物理结构以及作业前后云微物理变化,结果表明：（1） 此次层状云系垂直结构配置为冷暖两层,云层发展厚实。云的垂直和水平分布极不均匀。相对层积云,高层云小云粒子浓度低,大云粒子浓度高,液态含水量高。小云粒子浓度尤其是峰值区域与平均直径呈明显反相关。大于60个·cm^-3和35个·L^-1的小云、大云粒子浓度分别主要由3.5~10 μm、50~200 μm粒径段决定。（2） 不同高度云粒子谱为单峰或双峰分布,总体呈单调递减趋势,但云形成和增长条件存在差异。强可播、不可播和可播性冷云粒子谱基本符合负幂指数的单调递减规律,云粒子浓度差异较大,自然冰晶浓度不可播云较高,可播云次之,强可播云较低。（3） 作业后小云粒子浓度明显降低,在6.5~20 μm粒径段降低了2个量级左右,大云粒子浓度明显增加,谱宽增大,尤其在大于150 μm粒径段。     

Discriminating transplanted and direct seeded rice using Sentinel-1 intensity data

Improved rice crop and water management practices that make the sustainable use of resources more efficient are important interventions towards a more food secure future. A remote sensing-based detection of different rice crop management practices, such as crop establishment method (transplanting or direct seeding), can provide timely and cost-effective information on which practices are used as well as their spread and change over time as different management practices are adopted. Establishment method cannot be easily observed since it is a rapid event, but it can be inferred from resulting observable differences in land surface characteristics (i.e. field condition) and crop development (i.e. delayed or prolonged stages) that take place over a longer time. To examine this, we used temporal information from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter to detect differences in field condition and rice growth, then related those to crop establishment practices in Nueva Ecija (Philippines). Specifically, multi-temporal, dual-polarised, C-band backscatter data at 20m spatial resolution was acquired from Sentinel-1A every 12 days over the study area during the dry season, from November 2016 to May 2017. Farmer surveys and field observations were conducted in four selected municipalities across the study area in 2017, providing information on field boundaries and crop management practices for 61 fields. Mean backscatter values were generated per rice field per SAR acquisition date. We matched the SAR acquisition dates with the reported dates for land management activities and with the estimated dates for when the crop growth stages occurred. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify significant differences in backscatter between the two practices during the land management activities and crop growth stages. Significant differences in cross-polarised, co-polarised and band ratio backscatter values were observed in the early growing season, specifically during land preparation, crop establishment, rice tillering and stem elongation. These findings indicate the possibility to discriminate crop establishment methods by SAR at those stages, suggesting that there is more opportunity for discrimination than has been presented in previous studies. Further testing in a wider range of environments, seasons, and management practices should be done to determine how reliably rice establishment methods can be detected. The increased use of dry and wet direct seeding has implications for many remote sensing-based rice detection methods that rely on a strong water signal (typical of transplanting) during the early season.     

黔南地区早二叠世大幅度冰川性 海平面下降的沉积学新证据

众所周知,石炭纪-二叠纪期间冈瓦纳大陆冰盖的推进和消融在低纬度地区形成了许多高频海平面升降变化和广泛分 布的旋回沉积.最新研究表明,石炭纪-二叠纪冰室气候时期的大陆冰盖是由一系列不连续的冰期组成.因此石炭纪-二叠纪 期间既存在高频低幅的海平面变化,也发育多次大幅度海平面下降.前者在华南地区已有研究证实,后者仍需要深入研究.描 述了贵州龙吟和紫云扁平剖面早二叠世碳酸盐岩地层中古岩溶特征,包括垮塌角砾岩及相关沉积构造,分别对应早二叠世两 次冰期导致的显著海平面下降,对深入了解华南地区早二叠世古地理演化具有重要意义.      

Narrower grid structure of artificial reef enhances initial survival of in situ settled coral

The initial factors that cause a decline in the survival of in situ settled corals remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated through field experiments that the design of artificial grid plates may influence the initial survival of Acropora corals, with narrower grids being the most effective. In fact, grid plates with a 2.5-cm mesh presented the highest recorded survival rate (14%) at 6 months after settlement (representing approximately 50 corals per 0.25 m² of plate). This is the first study where such high survival rates, matching those of cultures under aquarium conditions, were obtained in the field without using additional protective measures, such as guard nets against fish grazing after seeding. Therefore, our results provide a foundation for establishing new and effective coral restoration techniques for larval seeding, in parallel to clarifying the details of the early life stages of reef-building corals.     

Modeling a habitat suitability index for the eastern fall cohort of Ommastrephes bartramii in the central North Pacific Ocean

The eastern fall cohort of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, has been commercially exploited by the Chinese squid jigging fleet in the central North Pacific Ocean since the late 1990s. To understand and identify their optimal habitat, we have developed a habitat suitability index (HSI) model using two potential important environmental variables - sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) - and fishery data from the main fishing ground (165°-180°E) during June and July of 1999-2003. A geometric mean model (GMM), minimum model (MM) and arithmetic weighted model (AWM) with different weights were compared and the best HSI model was selected using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). The performance of the developed HSI model was evaluated using fishery data for 2004. This study suggests that the highest catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fishing effort are closely related to SST and SSHA. The best SST- and SSHA-based suitability index (SI) regression models were SISST-based = 0.7SIeffort-SST + 0.3 SICPUE-SST, and SISSHA-based = 0.5SIeffort-SSHA + 0.5SICPUE-SSHA, respectively, showing that fishing effort is more important than CPUE in the estimation of SI. The best HSI model was the AWM, defined as HSI=0.3SISST-based+ 0.7SISSHA-based, indicating that SSHA is more important than SST in estimating the HSI of squid. In 2004, monthly HSI values greater than 0.6 coincided with the distribution of productive fishing ground and high CPUE in June and July, suggesting that the models perform well. The proposed model provides an important tool in our efforts to develop forecasting capacity of squid spatial dynamics.     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部大气降尘地球化学特征

采集了黑龙江省松嫩平原南部大气降尘样品,以农村、城镇、城市为单元对降尘通量与指标含量特征进行了探讨。对大气降尘中20种指标含量的分析结果表明:与土壤背景值相比较,Hg、Cd含量在大气降尘中显著富集;以A l为参考元素计算表明,Cd、S明显受人类活动影响而具有较大的富集因子;主成分分析各指标的主要来源为人类活动、地表尘土与人类活动叠加、区域扬尘。     

福建建瓯万木林柑橘与锥栗凋落物数量、组成及动态

2010年1-12月,对福建省建瓯市万木林保护区内的柑橘（CitrusreticulataBlanco）和锥栗（Castaneahenryi）凋落物的组成及动态进行观测研究,结果表明：柑橘和锥栗的年凋落物量分别为2315．47±149．02kg·hm^-2·a^-1和2414．62±211．05kg·hm^-2·a^-1,凋落物均以落叶为主,分别占到年总凋落物量的57．6％和50．7％,落花和落果在凋落物中所占比例较大;经方差分析检验,柑橘和锥栗的落枝、落花和杂物差异显著（P〈0．05）,其他组分差异不显著;柑橘与锥栗凋落物量季节变化曲线均呈双峰型,柑橘凋落物量在3月和7月出现2次较大峰值,而锥栗凋落物量峰值则出现在6月和11月．