Cloud Seedability Study with a Dual-Model System

In this research,a novel dual-model system,one-dimensional stratiform cold cloud model(1DSC) coupled to Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model(WRF-1DSC for short),was employed to investigate the effects of cloud seeding by silver iodide(AgI) on rain enhancement.Driven by changing environmental conditions extracted from the WRF model,WRF-1DSC could be used to assess the cloud seeding effects quantitatively.The employment of WRF-1DSC,in place of a one-dimensional two-moment cloud seeding model applied to a three-dimensional mesoscale cloud-resolving model,was found to result in massive reduction of computational resources.Numerical experiments with WRF-1DSC were conducted for a real stratiform precipitation event observed on 4-5 July 2004,in Northeast China.A good agreement between the observed and modeled cloud system ensured the ability of WRF-1DSC to simulate the observed precipitation process efficiently.Sensitivity tests were performed with different seeding times,locations,and amounts.Experimental results showed that the optimum seeding effect(defined as the percentage of rain enhancement or rain enhancement rate) could be achieved through proper seeding at locations of maximum cloud water content when the updraft was strong.The optimum seeding effect was found to increase by 5.61% when the cloud was seeded at 5.5 km above ground level around 2300 UTC 4 July 2004,with the maximum AgI mixing ratio(X s) equaling 15 ng kg 1.On the other hand,for an overseeded cloud,a significant reduction occurred in the accumulated precipitation(-12.42%) as X s reached 100 ng kg 1.This study demonstrates the potential of WRF1DSC in determining the optimal AgI seeding strategy in practical operations of precipitation enhancement.     

飞机增雨作业物理检验方法探究及个例分析

人工增雨效果的物理检验为评估人工影响天气的效果提供物理依据,因此越来越受到关注,文章根据2009年5月1日在河北张家口的一次积层混合云降水过程的飞机人工增雨作业探测资料,尝试了从不同高度上寻找对比区,来进行作业效果的物理检验。结果表明：利用反证法思路,发现温度在-10℃时,FSSP 100ER量程1（测量范围为2~47 μm）测量的云粒子中并不全是液相的,也有一定量冰相云粒子存在;而且不同高度粒子浓度急速增大的时刻与冰相云粒子陡增的时刻是趋于一致的,观测的实际结果基本符合冷云催化原理;降雨区域面积是扩大的,某种程度上讲,作业收到了一定的效果。     

抗差估计在自由落体式绝对重力仪中的应用

针对自由落体式绝对重力仪中的异常数据,提出抗差参数估计的数据处理方法。对比分析传统最小二乘拟合与抗差最小二乘拟合计算的重力值,结果表明,抗差参数估计通过合理调整权重因子抑制了异常数据的影响,提高了重力测量精度。     

Extensional rise and fall of a salt diapir in the Sørvestsnaget Basin,SW Barents Sea

Regional extension which initiates and promotes the rise of salt diapirs can also make diapirs fall once the supply of salt from its source is restricted. New observations on the 3D seismic data from a salt diapir in the Sørvestsnaget Basin suggest that salt moves until the end of the Eocene and is subtle to minor readjustments afterwards, revealing a more complex kinematics that previously described. Observations such as salt horns and sags and an antithetic fault linked to the western flank of the diapir suggest that salt syn-kinematics during Middle-Late Eocene included passive rising of the salt, followed by a fall. The salt horns are remnants of a taller salt diapir that, together with the indentation of the Middle-Late Eocene syn-kinematic sediment overburden above the salt, indicate diapiric fall due to restriction of salt supply by extension. Post-kinematic readjustments did not include diapiric reactivation by tectonic compression as previously thought, but minor salt rise by shortening due to gravity gliding after the tilting of the margin during Plio-Pleistocene glacial sediment loading and differential compaction of surrounding sediments. The salt diapir appears to be presently inactive and salt supply may have been restricted from its source already since Late Eocene.     

落锥法确定粉土液限和塑限的试验研究

针对部分细粒土进行了室内落锥法确定液限和塑限的试验研究,试验结果表明：对于一些细粒土在双对数坐标上圆锥下沉深度与含水率之间的关系并非线性关系,无法依据线性关系确定液、塑限;采用规程建议的3个含水率范围有时根本无法获得有效试验数据,采用规程建议的3个含水率范围确定得到粉土的液、塑限试验结果的可靠性有待商榷;采用直线段试验数据确定的液、塑限进行分类可能出现相互矛盾甚至错误的结果。进一步试验结果表明：对于黏粒含量高于13 %的粉土,由于其抗剪强度以凝聚分量为主,落锥法适用,所测塑性指数能够反映其可塑性;对于部分黏粒含量低于13 %的粉土及外观接近粉土的粉砂,由于其抗剪强度以颗粒间摩擦分量为主,落锥法不再适用,所测塑性指数不能反映其可塑性。     

黄河上游河曲地区对流云催化增雨的数值模拟研究

应用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维对流云模式,对青藏高原河曲地区强对流云的催化增雨效果及催化云的动力特征、微物理机制进行了模拟研究.模拟结果显示:黄河上游河曲地区的对流云具备一定的催化潜力.如果催化时机、部位选择适当,降水总量增加有望达到30%～50%,催化所产生的动力效果比较显著.催化剂的加入使得云中凝华潜热释放量增加,上升气流加强,云顶升高,云水平尺度也有所加大,地面降水区域扩大,降水时间延长.由于云中冰晶大量生成,导致过冷云水、雨水减少,暖雨过程迅速减弱,云中霰和冻滴量增多,其融化过程加强引起的降水增加远远超过了暖雨量的减少,总的增雨效果比较显著.敏感性实验表明,催化高度对增雨效果的影响最为显著,高于某一催化高度,有可能产生增雨防雹的好效果;低于某一催化高度,则会在防雹的同时使地面降水减少.对流云早期催化的增雨效果较好.一定范围内催化剂量的变化对增雨量影响不大,小剂量催化也有可能达到较好的增雨效果.     

板翼动力锚水中自由下落过程数值模拟

板翼动力锚是依靠自重完成安装并靠自重和海床土的抗力来锚固的新型动力锚。板翼动力锚在水中自由下落的阻力决定了锚到达海床表面时的速度,进而直接决定了锚贯入海床中的深度以及它能提供的承载力。板翼动力锚的形状比较复杂,采用计算流体动力学的方法研究板翼动力锚的下落速度、水平位移和转角与下落位移的关系。计算结果表明:板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力系数约为0.93~1.12之间;在沉贯过程中应使加载臂与翼板共面以减少阻力;板翼动力锚的终端速度约为28 m/s。     

Catastrophic rock avalanche 3600 years BP from El Capitan,Yosemite Valley,California

Large rock slope failures from near‐vertical cliffs are an important geomorphic process driving the evolution of mountainous landscapes, particularly glacially steepened cliffs. The morphology and age of a 2·19 × 10⁶ m³ rock avalanche deposit beneath El Capitan in Yosemite Valley indicates a massive prehistoric failure of a large expanse of the southeast face. Geologic mapping of the deposit and the cliff face constrains the rock avalanche source to an area near the summit of ～8·5 × 10⁴ m². The rock mass free fell ～650 m, reaching a maximum velocity of 100 m s^?1, impacted the talus slope and spread across the valley floor, extending 670 m from the base of the cliff. Cosmogenic beryllium‐10 exposure ages from boulders in the deposit yield a mean age of 3·6 ± 0·2 ka. The ～13 kyr time lag between deglaciation and failure suggests that the rock avalanche did not occur as a direct result of glacial debuttressing. The ～3·6 ka age for the rock avalanche does coincide with estimated late Holocene rupture of the Owens Valley fault and/or White Mountain fault between 3·3 and 3·8 ka. The coincidence of ages, combined with the fact that the most recent (AD 1872) Owens Valley fault rupture triggered numerous large rock falls in Yosemite Valley, suggest that a large magnitude earthquake (≥M7.0) centered in the south‐eastern Sierra Nevada may have triggered the rock avalanche. If correct, the extreme hazard posed by rock avalanches in Yosemite Valley remains present and depends on local earthquake recurrence intervals. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和堤岸的渗流特征及其稳定性研究

通过试验确定了非饱和黏土层的土-水特征曲线和强度参数,通过理论分析建立了非饱和堤岸渗流-应力耦合模型。在此基础上,利用耦合计算程序分析了非饱和土堤岸在河水位变动时的非稳定渗流场特征,结合强度折减有限元法分析了河水位反复升降后非饱和堤岸稳定性的变化。结果表明：水位快速上升时,堤脚渗透流速下降后又逐步上升并趋向稳定,河水位快速上升使堤岸边坡的稳定性降低,随着渗流场中孔隙水压力的调整,堤岸边坡的安全系数又有所回升;河水位骤降时,黏性土层饱和度变化相对滞后,水位骤降加大了堤岸的渗透流速,边坡的稳定性迅速降低,水位下降约120 h后堤岸边坡进入较危险时段;非饱和土的基质吸力提高了堤岸边坡整体稳定性,河水位反复升降降低了堤岸边坡整体稳定性,且河水位越低,水位反复升降对堤岸稳定性产生的影响越大     

退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加机理探讨及研究展望

土壤的恢复是退化草地生态系统恢复的难点和关键。土壤细颗粒物质的增加对退化的土壤系统恢复具有重要意义,不但可以改善土壤质地、也能输入土壤养分。通过综述退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加的研究案例,从植物有机体的归还、植物覆盖增加及其抑制风蚀作用和截存降尘的作用分析细颗粒增加的机理;重点总结了降尘对生态系统作用的研究进展;并从降尘对退化草地封育后土壤细颗粒增加的贡献以及草地植被对降尘的截存作用两个方面做了研究展望。