Petrogenesis and evolution of late Mesozoic granitic magmatism in the Hohhot metamorphic core complex,Daqing Shan,North China

Late Mesozoic granitoid plutons of four distinct ages intrude the lower plate of the Hohhot metamorphic core complex along the northern margin of the North China craton. The plutons belong to two main groups: (1) Group I, deformed granitoids (148 and 140 Ma subgroups) with high Sr, LREE, and Na₂O, low Y and Yb contents, high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, weak or no Eu anomalies, low Rb/Ba ratios, similar initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.7064–0.7071) and low Mg^# (<37 mostly, 100?×?molar MgO/MgO + FeO _t ); (2) Group II, non-deformed granitoids (132 and 114 Ma subgroups) with low Sr, relatively low Na₂O, high Y and Yb contents, pronounced negative Eu anomalies, high Rb/Ba ratios, and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.7098–0.7161). The two groups share geochemical similarities in ?_Nd(t) (–11.3 to –15.4) and T _DM2 ages (1.85–2.18 thousand million years) as well as Hf isotopic ratios in zircons. Geochemical modelling (using the MELTS code) suggests that similar sources but different depths of magma generation produced the early, high-pressure low-Mg adakitic granitoids and late, low-pressure granitoids with A-type characteristics. The early granitoids likely represent a partially melted, deep-seated, thickened lower continental crust that involved a minor contribution from young materials, whereas the later group partially melted at shallower depths. This granitic magmatic evolution coincided with the tectonic transition from crustal contraction to extension.     

滨州黄河公路大桥承台大体积混凝土防裂技术探讨

介绍了滨州黄河公路大桥承台大体积混凝土防止温度裂缝的主要措施和过程,并对其效果进行简要评析。从大体积混凝土的性质和特点出发进行探讨和研究,以使所采取的措施行之有效和切合实际。     

Evolution of pore-fluid pressure during folding and basin contraction in overpressured reservoirs: Insights from the Madison–Phosphoria carbonate formations in the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming,USA)

Reconstructing the evolution of paleofluid (over)pressure in sedimentary basins during deformation is a challenging problem, especially when no hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions are available to provide barometric constraints on the fluid system. This contribution reports the application to a natural case (the Bighorn Basin) of recent methodological advance to access fluid (over)pressure level prevailing in strata during sub-seismic fracture development. The fluid pressure evolution in the Mississippian-Permian Madison–Phosphoria limestone reservoir is tentatively reconstructed from the early Sevier Layer Parallel Shortening to the Laramide folding in two basement-cored folds: the Sheep Mountain Anticline and the Rattlesnake Mountain Anticline. Results point out that supra-hydrostatic pressure values prevail in the limestone reservoir during most of its whole Sevier–Laramide history. The comparison of the reconstructed fluid overpressure values within situ measurements in various overpressure reservoirs in other oil-producing basins highlights that the supra-hydrostatic fluid pressure gradually reaches the lithostatic value during the whole basin contraction and fold development. During most of the LPS history, however, overpressure level can be defined by a mean gradient. Among the factors that control the pressure evolution, the mechanical stratigraphy, the stress regime under which fractures developed and regional fluid flow are likely dominating in the case of the Bighorn Basin, rather than classical factors like disequilibrium compaction or fluid generation during burial. A coeval evolution between fluid overpressure and differential stress build-up is also emphasized. The approach presented in this paper also provides estimates of strata exhumation during folding.     

正确认识“爱因斯坦”火车问题

本文对一些书本在解释“爱因斯坦火车”例中存在的矛盾作了概述、并以“空间收缩效应”这一狭义相对论的实验基础为依据,提出正确解释。同时介绍由类时间隔事件的性质间接解释“爱氏火车”一例的方法。     

0709号超强台风圣帕(Sepat)的闪电活动特征

利用全球闪电定位网 (WWLLN) 获取的闪电定位资料和中国气象局 (CMA) 提供的台风定位资料, 分析了2007年第9号超强台风圣帕的闪电时空演变特征。分析结果表明: 在热带低压至强热带风暴时期, 台风中心闪电活动频繁, 外围闪电少; 台风成熟时期, 呈现明显的三圈结构; 减弱消散时期, 中心闪电骤减, 几乎为零, 外围闪电密度远远超过中心闪电密度。眼壁闪电和台风总闪电存在阶段性变化。在台风中心最大风速急剧增大的阶段, 眼壁上的闪电两次爆发, 而在第二次眼壁闪电爆发后的两个小时, 中心风速达到最大值, 表明闪电活动有可能对台风增强有指示意义。台风眼壁置换是台风强度发生变化的一个转折点, 也是台风闪电活动发生变化的一个转折点, 从台风眼壁置换开始, 眼壁上闪电数接近于零。闪电次数跟云顶亮温存在显著性相关。结合热带测雨计划任务卫星 (TRMM) 上装载的闪电成像仪 (LIS) 和微波辐射计 (TMI) 资料, 进一步对比分析了台风闪电与强对流区域的关系, 发现闪电易发生在修正极化亮温低于225 K的深对流系统中, 但并不是所有的深对流中都能探测到闪电的发生。WWLLN和LIS探测到闪电发生区域基本一致。     

Parallel computation of seismic analysis of high arch dam

Parallel computation programs are developed for three-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis of fully-graded dam concrete and seismic response analysis of high arch dams （ADs）, based on the Parallel Finite Element Program Generator （PFEPG）. The computational algorithms of the numerical simulation of the meso-structure of concrete specimens were studied. Taking into account damage evolution, static preload, strain rate effect, and the heterogeneity of the meso-structure of dam concrete, the fracture processes of damage evolution and configuration of the cracks can be directly simulated. In the seismic response analysis of ADs, all the following factors are involved, such as the nonlinear contact due to the opening and slipping of the contraction joints, energy dispersion of the far-field foundation, dynamic interactions of the dam-foundation- reservoir system, and the combining effects of seismic action with all static loads. The correctness, reliability and efficiency of the two parallel computational programs are verified with practical illustrations.     

Changes in sand fractions of Binggou section and the expansion and contraction of the Tengger desert during 50–30 ka

Signs of the evolutionary process are well preserved in the aeolian deposits of desert margins and enable reconstruction of desert expansion and contraction. The sand content (percentage >63 µm) of loess in the loess–desert transitional zone was used as a proxy indicator for determining the proximity of the desert margin. According to the dominant wind direction, generally NW–SE in the northwest Chinese Loess Plateau, a transect was projected to observe spatial changes in sedimentological characteristics of aeolian deposits during the Last Glacial Period. The transect consists of 12 loess sections, starting at Shapotou in the transitional region between the Loess Plateau and the Tengger Desert and ending at Tianshui, which is located at the north foot of the Western Qinling Mountains in the southernmost part of the Loess Plateau. It shows the properties of temporal and spatial distribution of the Malan loess, with reduced sand content from northwest to southeast. A linear correlation model of sand content and distance was obtained, which was similar to the east of the Chinese Loess Plateau. According to this model, and on the basis of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from Binggou section, a detailed and quantificational expansion and contraction for the Tengger Desert was established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of seismic overloading of large arch dam

A dynamic overloading model test has been carried out on a shaking table for an arch dam of 278 m in height to investigate its behaviours under strong earthquake. The model system included the arch dam with contraction joints, part of reservoir, partial foundation rock with topographic feature near the dam. A damping boundary consisting of viscous liquid has been used to simulate the effect of dynamic energy emission to far field, which made the dynamic interaction between dam and foundation in model arch dam system be represented properly. Three sets of different seismic waves of design level have been used as the input to investigate the difference in the responses of arch dam. Artificial waves of different levels have been used to verify the behaviours of arch dam under seismic overloading. Since the opening of joints during strong earthquake reduced the response acceleration and tensile arch stress, cantilever stress on downstream face exceeded the tensile strength first for the model dam. And the arch dam responded in a non‐linear way when input seismic load increased. Some cracks appeared near abutments, and the damage made the natural frequency of arch dam to drop obviously, but the static function did not seem to change for the model tested. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电磁的相对性与统一性

在不同参考系中分析电荷受力,通过相对论变换,揭示电磁之间的内在联系,说明电场和磁场仅仅是电磁规律在选定参考系中的具体表现。     

Mechanism and numerical simulation of reservoir slope deformation during impounding of high arch dams based on nonlinear FEM

The mechanism of reservoir slope deformation during impounding still lacks a convincing explanation. A generalized effective stress principle for rock masses is presented. A nonlinear iteration algorithm has been proposed and implemented in a 3D FEM program, TFINE. A case study of the Jinping-I high arch dam is then presented, and the calculated values of reservoir slope deformation agree well with the measured values. The results show that the change of the yield surface for the reservoir slope induced by adopting the effective stress principle results in plastic deformation, which is the main reason for slope deformation during impoundment.