伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务权衡/协同效应多尺度分析

森林生态系统服务权衡与协同研究已成为当前相关学科的研究热点和前沿,对服务权衡与协同关系的多尺度分析有助于更加有效地实施森林资源管理。综合森林类型图、NDVI、气象和土壤等多源数据,借助CASA模型、InVEST 3.2模型和ArcGIS 10.2软件,开展伏牛山地区森林生态系统服务评估,运用空间叠置方法从多个空间尺度（区域、南北坡、垂直带）探讨服务权衡与协同效应。结果表明：① 研究区森林生态系统平均蓄积量为49.26 m ³/hm ²,碳密度为156.94 t/hm ²,供水深度为494.46 mm,土壤保持量为955.4 t/hm ²,生境质量指数为0.79。② 区域尺度上,28.79%的森林服务之间存在高协同效应,10.15%的森林存在低协同效应,61.06%的森林存在强权衡和弱权衡效应。③ 南北坡尺度上,南坡服务之间的协同关系优于北坡。垂直带尺度上,南坡中山落叶阔叶林带（SIII）服务之间协同关系最好,北坡低山落叶阔叶林带（NI）协同关系最差。     

莺—琼盆地1号断裂带含烃热流体活动初探

１号断裂带是莺－琼盆地油气勘探的重点地区之一,有机包裹体研究有助于追踪油气及热流体活动的痕迹,为油气运聚成藏提供地球化学依据,通过包裹体薄片镜下观察,均一温度和盐度测试,认为工区内发育五种类型的有机包裹体：（１）液态烃包裹体;（２）气流态烃包裹体;（３）气态烃包裹体;（４）含烃ＣＯ２包裹体;（５）烃子矿物包裹体,含烃ＣＯ２包裹体一般与气态烃共生,含烃子矿物包裹体既无液态烃共生又与气态烃共生,包裹体     

Lake Area Changes and the main causes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert during 1973–2010, China

Lake area information in the Badain Jaran Desert in 1973, 1990, 2000, and 2010 was obtained by visual interpretation and water index analysis of remote sensing images, based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of lake area changes during 37 years. Results indicated that the number of lakes declined from 94 to 82 and the total surface area was reduced by 3.69 km² during 1973–2010. The desert lake area reduced by different degrees in different periods, but this occurred most rapidly during 1973–1990. According to the statistics of lake area changes, lake area decreases mainly occurred in the lakes with areas less than 0.2 km², while the areas of lakes greater than 0.9 km² only fluctuated. The changes of lake areas were probably due to changes in the quantity of underground water supplies rather than the effects of local climate change or human factors.     

Orbit of Comet C/1857 D1 (d'Arrest)

Comet C/ 1857 D1 (d'Arrest) is one of a large number of comets with parabolic orbits. Given that there are sufficient observations of the comet, 299 in right ascension and 279 in declination, it proves possible to calculate a better orbit. The calculations are based on a 12th order predictor‐corrector method. The comet's orbit is highly elliptical, e = 0.99982 and, from calculated mean errors, statistically different from a parabola. The comet will not return for at least 44000 years and thus represents no immediate NEO threat (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

青海省化隆县新石器-青铜时代聚落形态及其影响因素分析

依据青海省化隆县考古调查获得的新石器-青铜时代(5.3~2.6kaB.P.)的遗址位置和面积,尝试利用聚落等级和等级规模的方法分析该县新石器-青铜时代的聚落形态演变过程,并结合研究区周边地区的全新世气候记录和考古研究资料分析其可能的影响因素。结果显示: 马家窑文化时期(5.4~4.0kaB.P.),化隆县出现具有一定人口规模和整合的聚落系统,可能与适宜气候背景下,农业快速发展导致的人口流动有关; 齐家文化时期(4.2~3.8kaB.P.),化隆县人口规模未发生显著变化,没有出现聚落等级,聚落系统结构简单,各聚落之间为平等竞争关系,可能与区域聚落分布特征改变有关; 3.6~2.5kaB.P. ,化隆县人口规模增加,三级等级聚落系统明显整合,可能是卡约文化的农业生产水平和生计方式适应气候变化的结果。因此,气候变化、生计模式和人口流动是化隆县新石器-青铜时代聚落形态演变和社会组织结构发展的主要原因。     

重庆地区第四纪气候的初步研究

早更新世时,重庆地区生活着巫山人;中更新世时,生存有盐井沟动物群和歌乐山动物群;晚更新世—全新世时,合川三汇坝动物群繁衍,以水杉、红椿木和枫杨为代表的植物群遍及全区,并有水杉、银杉等孓遗植物存在。整个第四纪时期,重庆地区的气候属亚热带温暖湿润气候,没有发生过冰川活动。     

MODELLING LONG‐TERM SUMMER AND WINTER BALANCES AND THE CLIMATE SENSITIVITY OF STORBREEN,NORWAY

Measurements of winter balance (b_w) and summer balance (b_s) have been carried out at Storbreen since 1949. Here we apply a simple mass balance model to study the climate sensitivity and to reconstruct the mass balance series priorto 1949. The model is calibrated and validated with data from an automatic weather station (AWS) operating in the ablation zone of Storbreen since 2001. Regression analysis revealed that b_w was best modelled using precipitation data southwest of the glacier. Results from the model compared well with reported mass balance values for the period 1949–2006, obtained correlations (r) for b_w and b_s varied between 0.83 and 0.87 depending on model set up. Reconstruction of the mass balance series for the period 1924/1925–1948/1949 suggested a cumulative mass deficit of c. 30 m w.e. mainly due to highly negative summer balances, but also lower b_wthan the average for 1949–2006. Calculated change in specific mass balance for a ±1°C change in air temperature was ±0.55 m w.e., whereas a ±10 % increase in precipitation represented a change of ±0.20 m w.e. Model results further indicated that for a 2°C warming, the ablation season will be extended by c. 30 days and that the period of ice melt at the AWS location will increase from c. 40 to c. 80 days.     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

兰州雨量谱的气候变化与极端化趋势

利用兰州站1951-2005年逐日降水观测资料,进行雨量划分级别,分析了55 a来兰州分级降水雨量谱和极端降水的气候变化和发展趋势.研究表明:兰州年降水量逐年波动下降,长期变化趋势为每10 a下降9.0 mm,近20 a达到每10 a下降22.6 mm;年降水日数的长期变化趋势为每10 a下降3.6 d,近20 a为每10 a下降3.7 d.主要是由于小、中雨级的降水减少明显造成.兰州近20 a大雨以上级别的极端降水量增多,变化趋势为每10 a增加9.9 mm,年降水日数的变化趋势为每10 a增加0.4d.兰州年降水强度的长期变化趋势为每10 a上升0.1 mm·d1,其中小雨、中雨级别的贡献并不明显,主要的增加贡献是由大雨以上级别的降水强度增加所导敢的.极端降水的强度在近20 a的变化趋势为每10 a增加5.7 mm·d-1.兰州近20 a的年降水量中极端降水量占的比例由15.9%上升至1 6.2%;极端降水日数增加,其比例从1.8%上升至2.0%,在2000年极端降水所占的比例更是达到雨量的25.4%和雨日的4.0%水半,呈现出向极端降水增强的发展趋势.     

中国小冰期的气候

在建立了近百年中国10个区的年平均气温序列的基础上,利用史料、冰芯δ18O及树木年轮,重建了各区近400～1000年的10年平均气温序列。分析表明,近千年来中国可能有5次冷期分别出现于1100’s～1150’s,1300’s～1390’s,1450’s～1510’s,1560’s～1690’s及1790’S～1890’S。第4次冷期主要在中国大陆中部最明显,而第5次冷期在中国南部较强。新疆、东北及闽台气温变化与中国其它部分特别是南部及西南有一定差异。如果把最后两次冷期作为中国小冰期的两次主要寒冷阶段,其30年平均气温可能比20世纪中期中国最暖的30年(1920’S～1940’S)低0．6～0．11℃。