近50年来淮河流域极端降水的时空变化及统计特征(英文)

Based on the daily precipitation data of 27 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 in the Huaihe River Basin, spatio-temporal trend and statistical distribution of extreme precipitation events in this area are analyzed. Annual maximum series (AM) and peak over threshold series (POT) are selected to simulate the probability distribution of extreme precipitation. The results show that positive trend of annual maximum precipitation is detected at most of used stations, only a small number of stations are found to depict a negative trend during the past five decades, and none of the positive or negative trend is significant. The maximum precipitation event almost occurred in the flooding period during the 1960s and 1970s. By the L-moments method, the parameters of three extreme distributions, i.e., Generalized extreme value distribution (GEV), Generalized Pareto distribution (GP) and Gamma distribution are estimated. From the results of goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, AM series can be better fitted by GEV model and POT series can be better fitted by GP model. By the comparison of the precipitation amounts under different return levels, it can be found that the values obtained from POT series are a little larger than the values from AM series, and they can better simulate the observed values in the Huaihe River Basin.     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

北京721特大暴雨极端性分析及思考（二）极端性降水成因初探及思考

本文是“北京7.21特大暴雨极端性分析及思考”的第二部分,第一部分“观测分析及思考”对此次过程的降水特点、水汽特点、中尺度对流系统（MCS）的环境场条件和发生发展过程进行了分析,指出这是一次极端降水过程。本文进一步从影响降水的因子：降水效率、水汽、上升运动、持续时间等方面进一步探讨极端性降水的成因,所用资料为业务中常用的模式分析和各种观测资料。分析表明,本次过程为典型华北暴雨环流形势,其中高层气流辐散区与低层低涡切变线的耦合是直接诱因;较高的环境相对湿度和湿层较厚,较低的抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度以及热带降水性质提高了本次过程的降水效率;异常大的水汽含量（可降水量达60－80mm）及与其相关的物理量异常,可作为判断极端降水的重要因子;环境大气具有中下层条件性不稳定,上层湿中性层结特性,CAPE值中等,同时上层干侵入增加了对流不稳定,有利于上升运动发展;低涡切变线及华北地形共同触发了MCS的在暖区生成发展;低涡北跳、MCS后向传播特性使暖区MCS东移速度慢,形成“列车效应”,造成降雨持续时间长。本文最后探讨了极端降水的预报思路。     

北京极端低温事件的长期变化特征

利用1951—2008年北京逐日最低气温资料和新的气候极端事件阈值计算方法,对北京地区最低气温第10百分位阈值进行了计算,并分析了最低气温极端气候事件出现频率和寒冷程度的年际和年代际变化。结果表明,北京比较寒冷事件发生的频率和寒冷程度存在年代际变化,其变化趋势呈减少或减弱趋势,且在21世纪初发生了转变。北京地区最低气温的年代际变化存在13.3年和2.1年的主要变化周期。     

内蒙古极端低温事件发生的环流特征及预测概念模型

利用50a（1961-2010年）的日最低气温计算阈值,超过此阈值为极端低温事件。将内蒙古东、中、西部的极端最低气温事件进行四季划分统计．讨论分析这些地区的极端低温事件与大气环流、海洋因子的关系。分析研究表明：内蒙古极端低温事件主要发生在冬季（12月至次年2月）,集中在20世纪60年代初至80年代中期,80年代中期至90年代末基本上没有发生,90年代末以后又陆续发生,但强度、范围明显减小。极端低温事件与北半球极涡、北极涛动、北太平洋涛动、南方涛动、海气相互作用、副热带高压、两风带环流存在着大体一致的年代际震荡趋势,同时与冷空气南下的路径有关,而且相关关系显著。通过相关检验,建立内蒙古极端低温事件的预测概念模型．以此应J}=fj于实际的业务当中．减少极端事件发生引发的各方面损失。     

1951—2010年长沙市极端气温事件的变化特征

利用1951-2010年长沙最高和最低气温资料,运用国际上通用的百分位阈值法确定暖日、暖夜和冷日、冷夜数,采用线性倾向估计法和M-K突变检测等方法,研究长沙市60 a来极端气温事件的时空变化特征。结果表明,暖日和暖夜数分别以3.48个.（10a）-1和3.06个.（10a）-1的速率显著增加,冷日和冷夜数分别以-2.13个.（10a）-1和-1.78个.（10a）-1的速率显著减少,白天增暖幅度大于夜间增暖幅度。研究还表明,阶段性特征明显,近60 a来暖日和冷日、冷夜数发生了明显的突变。暖日数增加秋季最显著,春季次之;暖夜数增加夏季最显著,冬季次之。冷日（夜）数减少的季节主要是春季和冬季;四季都在变暖,但以春季、冬季变暖最明显。7月暖日（暖夜）数增加最显著,4月和2月冷日（冷夜）数减少最显著。     

Precursory Signals of Extensive and Persistent Extreme Cold Events in China

The distinct precursory signals of countrywide extensive and persistent extreme cold events (CECs) were investigated and contrasted with those of countrywide cold wave events (CCWs). It is shown that most CECs were accompanied by a CCW in the initial stages. From the comparison between the CECs and the CCWs that were independent of any CEC, it is found that a south- west-northeast-oriented tilted ridge at 500 hPa was present around the Europe-Barents Sea regions approximately 10 days prior to the start of the CEC. Consistent with this feature, a high sea level pressure and strong cold air accumulation occurred over a broad extent of northern Eurasia one week prior to the start of the CEC. The tilted ridge and the strong cold air accumulation were the precursory signals that were absent for the CCW, and they provide important clues for the early prediction of whether a CCW event might evolve into a CEC.     

Possible Impact of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation on Extreme Hot Events in China

This paper reveals that the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) is closely related to the extreme hot event (EHE) variability in China during the period of 1979 2009, with a positive-phase (negative-phase) SNAO corresponding to less (more) EHEs in northern China. The summer circulation anomalies associated with the SNAO give further confirmation of the above relationship. In a positive-phase (negative-phase) SNAO year, there is an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) over central East Asia, which can increase (decrease) the total cloud cover over this region. Such changes of the total cloud cover can then decrease (increase) the solar radiation reaching the surface, which is consequently unfavorable (favorable) to the formation of EHEs over northern China.     

中国南方6省1月份降水和极端低温的分布特征

采用中国南方湖南、湖北、贵州、广西、江西和安徽6省近50 a 1月份降水和气温资料,运用正交函数分解法和SYM8小波分析了它们的时空分布特征,并对极端低温的区域均值进行了广义极值模型拟合,同时研究了降水与气温的相关性.结果表明,该地区1月份降水量主要有全区域分布型和南北分布型,极端低温主要有全区域分布型、南北分布型和东西分布型.1月份降水量的全区域总和以及南北部差值都有先增后减的趋势.全区域的极端低温缓慢增长,南北部的差值先减后增,东西部的差值在1975年以前递增,随后几乎趋于稳定.6省1月份极端低温区域均值服从Weibull分布,在95%置信水平下,预测50 a一遇和100 a一遇的极小值达-6.78 ℃和-7.41 ℃.1月份降水量与极端低温的相关不显著,与平均气温在局部地区为负相关.