水平风作用下雨滴水平速度的数值仿真

为了研究雨滴在水平风作用下的水平移动情况,在分析水平风作用下雨滴受力情况的基础上,通过对曳力系数与雷诺数对应关系的研究,采用数值仿真的方法分别对海平面大气条件和不同大气条件下雨滴水平运动速度进行仿真.结果表明:当有水平风作用时,雨滴的水平运动速度不等于风的速度,而是随雨滴直径和水平风速的变化而变化;在水平风作用下,雨滴的水平移动速度可以在较短的时间内(一般小于15 s)达到一个稳定的值;在水平风速相同的情况下,气压越高、温度越低,雨滴达到平衡时的水平移动末速度相对越大,反之则越小.这些结论对基于图像采集原理的光学降水自动观测仪器进行雨滴图像拼合有重要的应用价值.     

Hydraulic parameters in channels with wall vegetation and gravel bed

In this experimental study,field observations and laboratory experiments have been carried out to assess the impacts of the vegetated channel walls and aspect ratio on flow velocity profiles,shear stress distribution and roughness coefficient of channel.Results show that the presence of vegetation cover on channel wall causes deviation of the Reynolds stress distribution from the linear one under uniform flow condition.It is also noticed that the Reynolds stress distribution is influenced by the aspect rati...     

Terrestrial surface-area increment: the effects of topography,DEM resolution,and algorithm

The area increment of land surface compared with its projected area is an effect of topographic relief and is also a source of environmental variations. To examine the effects of topography and data resolution on surface area calculation, we calculated incremental area coefficients (IACs), based on two different algorithms, for a DEM of China at a series of spatial resolutions. Sampling the DEM with a regional network of 50?km?×?50?km cell size, we explored the relationships among the two IACs and topographic features. Both IACs studied were exponential functions of resolution. At 30-m resolution, the IACs were 4.31 and 4.89% over China, respectively. The largest increment for a 50?km?×?50?km cell was >45%. Between the IACs there was a linear relationship that varied with DEM resolution. Hierarchical variation partitioning revealed that the factors included contributed in a very similar percentage composition to the two IACs, mean slope (37.5 or 38.7%) and standard deviation of slope (22.3 or 19.6%) at local scale dominated the area increment, followed by regional elevation range. Data resolution contributed about 10%, while the deviation of slope exposure only had minimal (1.4 or 1.7%) impact on surface-area increment. For a specific type of geomorphology, a threshold resolution of DEM can be determined, below which the surface-area increment (i.e., IAC) is negligible. Our results provided the first comprehensive estimate of the contributions of the topographic features, DEM resolution, and algorithms for the surface-area increment, and indicated the scale-related properties and potential environmental consequences of topographic heterogeneity in various estimates of natural resources and ecosystem functions when area needs to be taken into account.     

近45年华中地区不同级别强降水事件变化趋势

利用华中五省84个测站1961—2005年逐日降水资料,通过分位值法、趋势系数法、蒙特卡洛统计检验法、曼肯德尔法、小波分析等现代统计诊断方法,分析了华中地区不同级别强降水的时空变化趋势、突变和周期特征。结果表明:随着分位值减小,降水量、日数的平均值和均方差逐渐减小,变差系数逐渐增大;而强度的3项指标均逐渐增大;在空间分布上,降水量自河南向湖南和江西逐渐增大;日数自北向南逐渐增大;强度以湖北东部至江西北部的长江中下游一线以及湖南西北部局部地区为高值区;区域平均的降水量、日数和强度均呈增加趋势,但不同测站表现不同;降水量一致在1993年发生突变,呈增多趋势;日数在20世纪80年代末、90年代初发生突变;强度自1994年开始增强,21世纪后加强、减弱现象交替出现;降水量、日数和强度有12~14年的年代际变化和6~9年的短期变化。     

渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间模态及其时间变化

针对整个渤海海域悬浮泥沙分布全貌研究的不足,基于2000-2004年连续5年的354个SeaWiFS反演的渤海表层悬沙浓度资料,经多年月平均得到其季节变化特征;通过经验正交函数分解,给出其空间模态及时间系数,揭示渤海表层悬浮泥沙的空间分布特征及其随时间的变化。渤海表层悬沙浓度除秦皇岛海域外近岸高,离岸低,辽东湾东岸浓度远大于西岸;冬季浓度最高,春秋次之,除河口海域外夏季浓度最低;河口海域冬夏季均为浓度高值区。经验正交分解显示第一空间模态反映渤海悬沙浓度的总体分布特征,其显著变化周期为12个月,显示渤海表层悬沙的季节变化特征。第二空间模态反映黄河入海径流对渤海表层悬沙浓度分布格局的影响, 其周期为6个月,代表黄河口海域悬沙浓度的变化周期。第三模态显示渤海不同海域悬沙浓度的增加或减小过程并不同步,存在明显的位相差异。     

2000年以来广东省经济极化时空演变

选择崔-王指数、变异系数和空间自相关等3种方法,以地级市为基本评价单元,对2000年以来广东省的经济极化的时空演变进行了分析。研究表明：（1）广东省经济极化程度呈上升趋势;（2）2000以来,广东省极化现象明显,但是经济总量的极化现象大于人均经济总量;（3）广东省人均GDP和GDP的Moran＇s I均为正值且呈现增大趋势,经济空间集聚程度呈增大趋势,但是人均GDP的空间集聚程度大于GDP;（4）从局部空间自相关关系来看,广东省经济极化格局2000年以来处于稳定状态。     

考虑土体应变软化特性的滑坡抗滑桩设计推力研究

传统剩余推力方法的基本假设仅适用于理想塑性材料或应变硬化材料,对具有应变软化特性的坡体其适用性受到限制。基于土体的应变软化性质,探讨了其剪应变和抗剪能力的对应关系。通过引入条块底部的应变协调方程,对滑坡条块推力计算方法进行改进,提出了考虑应变软化特性的滑坡抗滑桩设计推力计算新方法。实例分析表明,改进的方法计算得到的滑坡当前稳定性系数介于分别取峰值强度和残余强度所获的结果之间;所得的抗滑桩设计推力值相较残余强度算得的值小,较峰值强度算得的值大,介于两者之间;能考虑土体应变软化特性的设计推力计算是依据滑坡当前状态进行,既能够起到及时遏制滑坡进一步发展的作用,又比较符合坡体实际情况。     

E.U. migrant criminal activity: Exploring spatial diversity and volume of criminal activity attributed to inter EU migrants in England

European Union expansion over the last decade has generated many studies, surpassed in number only by governmental comment and media headlines following this general theme. Issues and knowledge explored and expressed have been many, one being a hard to evidence crime-migration nexus leading to constructive empirical studies focussing on the accession to the EU of predominantly East European nations and ensuing migratory patterns. Appertaining to this study is geographic focus on crime committed by inter-EU migrants in England, resulting from holistic research of a contemporary EU statute concerning inter-state sharing of bio-informatics, seeking contextual knowledge to the benefit of policy makers. The geography of inter-EU crime in England identifies spatial dispersion and regional areas of activity on a meso scale. The activity of individual nationalities is examined in a spatial manner displaying distinct differences in movements on a regional (meso) scale. Results improve on current knowledge of the criminality of inter-EU migrants but also identify and call for further research in a conceptual development as localised criminal activity draws an international investigatory perspective.