西宁黄土白云石和碳同位素记录的轨道尺度季风气候变化

第四纪轨道尺度东亚季风变化的主控周期及其驱动机制还没有一致的认识,高纬地区冰量和低纬岁差变化如何驱动季风气候变化没有定论。沉积过程连续、堆积速率快的黄土-古土壤序列是揭示轨道时间尺度季风气候变化的良好材料。我们选择青藏高原东北部西宁泮子山黄土堆积上部的60 m作为研究对象,通过钻探取样和分析最近280 ka以来黄土-古土壤序列的磁化率、碳酸盐含量、白云石含量、碳酸盐碳同位素等古气候代用指标,探讨青藏高原东北部东亚夏季风气候的变化规律和控制因素。利用频谱和小波分析方法对季风气候变化的时间序列进行分析。结果显示,最近280 ka以来东亚夏季风变化具有轨道尺度的变化周期,并与高纬冰量和北半球温度变化有一定的联系;同时,西宁黄土古气候时间序列具有显著23 ka的岁差周期,表明低纬过程对东亚季风的重要作用。岁差调制的低纬太阳辐射变化可能是驱动青藏高原东北部轨道尺度季风降水变化的主导因素,高纬冰量和温度变化对轨道尺度的季风变化也有一定的影响。

     

偏高岭土与水泥砂土渗透性关系分析

以探究偏高岭土与水泥砂土渗透性(渗透系数值)的关系为主要内容,选择合适的外掺比例用于工程实践。通过设计对比试验,选择偏高岭土的外掺比例分别为0.0%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%等6组试验组,分析试验数据并作图对比。最后得到如下2个结论:外掺偏高岭土后提升了水泥土的抗渗性能,尤其可大幅度提升水泥土前期抗渗性能,且外掺比例3.0%时效果最佳。外掺偏高岭土后并不影响水泥渗透系数值与养护龄期呈负相关的关系,外掺偏高岭土的水泥砂土的渗透系数值在35 d后基本维持不变。     

Investigating the preservation of orbital forcing in peritidal carbonates

Metre‐scale cycles in ancient peritidal carbonate facies have long been thought to represent the product of shallow water carbonate accumulation under orbitally controlled sea‐level oscillations. The theory remains somewhat controversial, however, and a contrasting view is that these cycles are the product of intrinsic, and perhaps random, processes. Owing to this debate, it is important to understand the conditions that do, or do not, favour the preservation of orbital forcing, and the precise stratigraphic expression of that forcing. In this work, a one‐dimensional forward model of carbonate accumulation is used to test the ability of orbitally paced sea‐level changes to reconstruct cyclicities and cycle stacking patterns observed in greenhouse peritidal carbonate successions. Importantly, the modelling specifically tests insolation‐based sea‐level curves that probably best reflect the pattern and amplitude of sea‐level change in the absence of large‐scale glacioeustasy. This study found that such sea‐level histories can generate precession and eccentricity water depth/facies cycles in models, as well as eccentricity‐modulated cycles in precession cycle thicknesses (bundles). Nevertheless, preservation of orbital forcing is highly sensitive to carbonate production rates and amplitudes of sea‐level change, and the conditions best suited to preserving orbital cycles in facies/water depth are different to those best suited to preserving eccentricity‐scale bundling. In addition, it can be demonstrated that the preservation of orbital forcing is commonly associated with both stratigraphic incompleteness (missing cycles) and complex cycle thickness distributions (for example, exponential), with corresponding implications for the use of peritidal carbonate successions to build accurate astronomical timescales.     

北极地区地面辐射量和云辐射强迫特征

In this paper the characteristics of surface radiative fluxes and cloud-radiative forcing are reviewed with a focus on the Arctic. Three aspects are addressed, including (i) changes in radiation flux over the global surface; (ii) characteristics of surface fluxes in the Arctic; and (iii) characteristics of cloud-radiative forcing in the Arctic. The clouds not only significantly reduce the peak summer radiative heating of the surface but also reduce the wintertime radiative cooling at the surface in　higher latitudes. The downward longwave fluxes dominates the incident radiative fluxes in the Arctic during most of the year. Incoming shortwave fluxes are negligible during late fall, winter and early spring, and even during the midsummer the incoming shortwave fluxes are only slightly greater than the downward longwave fluxes. The total net surface radiative flux is negative for most of the year and only positive during midsummer in the Arctic. The global net cloud-radiative forcing is negative, but the cloud-radiative forcing is positive in the Arctic, showing a warming effect, except for a short period in mid-summer. Positive cloud-radiative forcing in the Arctic is attributed　to the presence of snow and ice with high albedo and the absence of solar radiation during the polar night.     

External Influences on Environmental Decision Making: A Case Study of Packaging Waste Reduction

The amount of packaging sent to landfill sites for disposal has gained increased prominence as an environmental issue in Canada as a result of the 1990 National Protocol on Packaging. Recognizing that a number of factors affect a corporation's decisions to modify its packaging, this study seeks to understand forces external to the firm that motivate companies to reduce their packaging waste. Firms in two sectors—soap and cleansing compounds and cosmetics and toiletries—were surveyed by mail questionnaires and personal interviews. Government policies, consumer preferences, and retailer demands were among the external pressures found to affect packaging decision making. Access to external sources of information from suppliers, subcontractors, producer services, and industrial associations was also found to play a role in a firm's decision to modify packaging. In some instances, the impact of external factors was related to differences in the internal characteristics of firms. The paper concludes with policy recommendations arrived at from the data analysis.     

Role of organic acids (formic, acetic, pyruvic and oxalic) in the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN): a review

Although it is believed that organic aerosols play a key role in cloud nucleation and make an important contribution to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) population, their specific species remain poorly characterized. This paper reviews the current knowledge of organic acids (mainly formic, acetic, pyruvic and oxalic acids). Without specification, organic acids in this paper refer to these four organic acids in the gas and aerosol phases. This paper analyzes the extent to which organic acids act as CCN and compares the physical and chemical properties of organic acids with those of CCN. The results show that aerosol formate and acetate concentrations range from 0.02 to 5.3 nmol m⁻³ and from 0.03 to 12.4 nmol m⁻³, respectively, and that between 34 to 77% of formate and between 21 to 66% of acetate are present in the fine fraction of aerosols. It was found that although most (98–99%) of these volatile organic acids are present in the gas phase, their concentrations in the aerosol particles are sufficient to make them a good candidate for CCN. The results also show that organic acids may make an important contribution to the formation of CCN in some special sources such as vegetation emissions and biomass-burning. Organic acids are expected to contribute significantly to the estimates of indirect (cloud-mediated) forcing due to aerosols.     

Low-Frequency CISK-Rossby Wave and Stratospheric QBO in the Tropical Atmosphere

1.IntroductionThelow~frequencyoscillation(LFO)isaveryimPOrtantweatherphenomenonintheatmosphere.The30--50--dayandquasichiweeklyoscillationsinthetropicalatmospherearemostintensivelystudied,andcomParativelyspeaking,anotherkindofLFOconcernillgtheQBOofthestratosphericzonalwindsismuchlessstudied,which,althoughoccurringinthestratosphere,bearsacloserelationtothetroposphericactivitiesandtheevolutionoflow--latitudecirculationssothatitisworthwhiletoexploreindepththephysicalmechanismfortheQBOoccurre…     

ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE--Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate the vertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal mean flow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough located over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation caused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow is very weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagating waves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause upwards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by the Rocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,in addition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by the Tibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetrates the tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wave propagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Indian Ocean surface winds from NCMRWF analysis as compared to QuikSCAT and moored buoy winds

The quality of the surface wind analysis at the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (NCMRWF), New Delhi over the tropical Indian Ocean and its improvement in 2001 are examined by comparing it within situ buoy measurements and satellite derived surface winds from NASA QuikSCAT satellite (QSCT) during 1999, 2000 and 2001. The NCMRWF surface winds suffered from easterly bias of 1.0–1.5 ms^-1 in the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) and northerly bias of 2.0–3.0 ms^-1 in the south equatorial IO during 1999 and 2000 compared to QSCT winds. The amplitude of daily variability was also underestimated compared to that in QSCT. In particular, the amplitude of daily variability of NCMRWF winds in the eastern equatorial IO was only about 60% of that of QSCT during 1999 and 2000. The NCMRWF surface winds during 2001 have significantly improved with the bias of the mean analyzed winds considerably reduced everywhere bringing it to within 0.5 ms^-1 of QSCT winds in the equatorial IO. The amplitude and phase of daily and intraseasonal variability are very close to that in QSCT almost everywhere during 2001. It is shown that the weakness in the surface wind analysis during 1999 and 2000 and its improvement in 2001 are related to the weakness in simulation of precipitation by the forecast model in the equatorial IO and its improvement in 2001.