利用分形的北京城市空间拓展分析

北京是中国的首都,全国的政治、文化中心和国际交往的枢纽,开展北京的城市形态结构分析,并且运用分形思想规划城市对北京人居环境的改良和人地关系的协凋都有着重要意义。鉴于此,该文基于城市分形理论中的面积-半径法和Landsat卫星遥感影像,估算了北京不同时期和2011年不同方位的城市形态半径维数以确定北京城市空间范围,并分析了北京城市空间拓展特征。研究结果显示:以天安门为中心,北京1978、1990、2000和2011年城市半径分别为7.5、10.5、14.5、16.0km,各时期城市形态半径维数均高达1.95以上,反映出北京城市空间结构的相对杂乱以及人-地关系的不协调,2000年以后则有所改善。2011年北京城市西北方位半径维数高达2.0以上,显示该方位城市空间拓展的不可持续性,而西南、东南、东北方位的半径维数在1.91~1.98之间,显示这三个方位城市建设用地密度总体呈减少趋势,但需要不断降低半径维数以保证城市空间发展的可持续性。     

An analysis of urban expansion and its associated thermal characteristics using Landsat imagery

There has been an increasing interest in mapping and monitoring urban land use/land cover using remote sensing techniques. However, there still exist quite a number of challenges in deriving urban extent and its expansion density from remote sensing data quantitatively. This study utilized Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing data to assess urban expansion and its thermal characteristics with a case study in the city of Changsha, China. We proposed a new approach for quantitatively determining built-up area, its expansion density and their respective relationship with land surface temperature (LST) patterns. An urban expansion metric was also developed using a moving window mechanism to identify urban built-up area and its expansion density based on selected threshold values. The study suggested that urban extent and its expansion density, as well as surface thermal characteristics and patterns could be identified through quantitatively derived remotely sensed indices and LST, which offer meaningful characteristics in quantifying urban expansion density and urban thermal pattern. Results from the case study demonstrated that: (1) the built-up area and urban expansion density have significantly increased in the city of Changsha from 1990 to 2001; and (2) the differences of urban expansion densities correspond to thermal effects, where a high percentage of imperviousness is usually associated with the area covered by high surface temperature.     

A novel approach for predicting the spatial patterns of urban expansion by combining the chi-squared automatic integration detection decision tree,Markov chain and cellular automata models in GIS

Urban development is a continuous and dynamic spatio-temporal phenomenon associated with economic developments and growing populations. To understand urban expansion, it is important to establish models that can simulate urbanization process and its deriving factors behaviours, monitor deriving forces interactions and predict spatio-temporally probable future urban growth patterns explicitly. In this research, therefore, we presented a hybrid model that integrates the chi-squared automatic integration detection decision tree (CHAID-DT), Markov chain (MC) and cellular automata (CA) models to analyse, simulate and predict future urban expansions in Tripoli, Libya in 2020 and 2025. First, CHAID-DT model was applied to investigate the contributions of urban factors to the expansion process, to explore their interactions and to provide future urban probability map; second, MC model was employed to estimate the future demand of urban land; third, CA model was used to allocate estimated urban land quantity on the probability map to present future projected land use map. Three satellite images of the study area were obtained from the periods of 1984, 2002 and 2010 to extract land use maps and urban expansion data. We validated the model with two methods, namely, receiver operating characteristic and the kappa statistic index of agreement. Results confirmed that the proposed hybrid model could be employed in urban expansion modelling. The applied hybrid model overcame the individual shortcomings of each model and explicitly described urban expansion dynamics, as well as the spatio-temporal patterns involved.     

基于大倾角的角锥体空间后方交会研究

在摄影测量中,当倾角变大时,由于三角函数的多值性和奇异性导致传统的共线条件方程线性化的空间后方交会方法已经不能稳定地求解出摄影瞬间影像的外方位元素。文中通过对传统空间后方交会、基于单位四元素的空间后方交会和文中所用到的基于简化的DLT线性方程求解线元素初值的角锥体法比较发现,在像片倾角逐渐变大,传统方法和四元素法不能正确求解出外方位元素的情况下,基于角锥体法的空间后方交会仍能稳定、准确地求解出像片的外方位元素。     

赣榆县城镇用地扩展时空特征分析

赣榆县作为东部沿海城市城镇化发展尤为突出。本文选取1987年、2000年和2009年3期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像作为主要数据源,利用ArcGIS软件数字化功能对城镇建成区进行提取,并将3期提取结果进行叠加分析,通过城镇扩展面积比重、城镇扩展指数、城镇用地扩展强度指数、城市紧凑度指数和城市用地分形维数模型对城镇扩展动态特征进行分析。     

基于土地供需关系对北京城市拓展中土地资源约束条件的初步分析(英文)

土地资源作为重要的自然环境载体,对城市发展既起到了支撑作用,同时也会制约城市的盲目扩张。本文以北京市为例,从供给与需求两方面,总结了北京城市发展的土地资源约束特征,初步测算了其城市空间的上限规模。一方面,分析了产业用地和生活居住用地等土地资源需求主导因素的特征和变化趋势,基于不同的土地利用效率情景,初步测算得出北京城市发展对土地资源的需求规模区间为[1596 km2,2846 km2]。另一方面通过分析北京地区农业空间、生态空间及其他用地空间的占用、消耗特征,测算得出不同情景下土地资源对北京城市发展的供给规模区间为[1673 km2,2821 km2]。可以看出,当前北京城市发展的土地需求明显大于供给。同时指出了未来北京城市拓展受到土地资源供给的总量约束、空间约束及城市功能定位决定的用地结构性约束等限制。最后尝试提出解决当前城市发展面临的资源环境瓶颈和城市病等问题的思路。     

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO_2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and ...     

不分散低固相钻井液体系在张掖平山湖矿区中的应用

平山湖矿区第四系、第三系地层属于遇水不稳定地层,钻探施工时,地层造浆严重、孔径扩大率高,造成钻探事故频发、施工效率低。采用以聚合物为主要添加剂的不分散低固相钻井液体系在该矿区进行了应用试验,有效地抑制了粘土造浆及泥页岩水化膨胀,取得了很好的效果。     

Thermal expansion of kyanite at ambient pressure： An X-ray powder diffraction study up to 1000 ℃

The thermal expansion coefficients of kyanite at ambient pressure have been investigated by an X-ray powder diffraction technique with temperatures up to 1000 °C. No phase transition was observed in the experimental temperature range. Data for the unit-cell parameters and temperatures were fitted empirically resulting in the following thermal expansion coefficients: αa = 5.8(3) × 10?5, αb = 5.8(1) × 10?5, αc = 5.2(1) × 10?5, and αV = 7.4(1) × 10?3 °C?1, in good agreement with a recent neutron powder diffraction study. On the other hand, the variation of the unit-cell angles α, β and γ of kyanite with increase in temperature is very complicated, and the agreement among all studies is poor. The thermal expansion data at ambient pressure reported here and the compression data at ambient temperature from the literature suggest that, for the kyanite lattice, the most and least thermally expandable directions correspond to the most and least compressible directions, respectively.     

Error analysis of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor

ABSTRACT

The Moon is a potential new platform for Earth observation. The advantages of its large-scale observational scope, long temporal duration, and multi-layer detecting of the Earth will undoubtedly advance our understanding of the Earth system. To carry out the observations from a Moon-based optical sensor, the geolocation error caused by exterior orientation elements need to be investigated. This paper analyses the error effects of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for an optical sensor. To estimate the error, we present a geometric image model and utilise some parameters to measure the image offsets. Through a large number of numerical simulations, the results demonstrate that the image offsets are not obvious influenced by the distance and observation angle at mid-high latitude of the Moon and have linear correlation with the increasing errors of the exterior orientation elements. Further, the relationship between the spatial resolution and errors of exterior orientation elements are revealed. Finally, the error characteristics for Moon-based Earth observation are discussed. It is expected that the conclusion drawn in this paper could support the study of a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor.