基于空间句法的扩张强度指数及其在城镇扩展分析中的应用

扩张强度指数（Expand Intensity Index, EII）是目前城市扩展数量特征研究的常用指标,用以表征城市扩张程度和速度,但该指标是从城市扩张的结果,即从城市用地面积变化角度对物质空间变化的简单描述与分析,忽略了人在空间中的感受,未能从城市扩张的动因角度揭示城市扩张特征,缺乏对城市外部空间形态演变模式的深入研究,不能反映人在城市扩展空间上的活动。本文从交通网络对城市扩张的驱动作用入手,基于空间句法,提出一种新的扩张强度指数——基于空间句法的扩张强度指数（Space Syntax Expand Intensity Index, SS-EII）,SS-EII包涵可反映空间集聚和离散程度的句法变量,可用于分析空间可达性的变化等情况。与传统扩张强度指数相比,SS-EII是基于空间句法从城市扩张的驱动力方面计算扩张强度,不仅关注城市扩张的结果,同时关注交通对城市扩张模式、方向的导向作用和人主观感知下城市空间的变化。将SS-EII应用于广东省棉湖镇2002-2014年期间的城镇扩展特征分析中,研究结果表明,SS-EII可用于分析比较建成区不同方向的扩张速率与建设状况,其计算结果与棉湖镇建成区实际扩张情况相符,与EII相关度R²达0.95以上。     

Integrating cellular automata and Markov techniques to generate urban development potential surface: a study on Kolkata agglomeration

Uncontrolled, yet fragmented peripheral urban expansion has emerged as a menace to urban development. To cope with this rapid urban expansion process, identification of the forces responsible for this rapid urban expansion is a pre-requisite, especially when its threats to habitability are taken into consideration. This study tries to evaluate fragmented uncontrolled urban expansion faced by Kolkata using cellular automata-Markov chain. Urban growth patterns, land use/land cover transformations and spatial allocation correspondence with planning strategy is the main theme of this study. Depending upon the driving forces, the study result indicates a bi-directional urban development potential surface, which might be a result of the biased planning initiative along with middle-class residential demand. This simulation result provides evidence for the planning authority to evaluate the effectiveness of spatial allocation and urban expansion trends and provide flexibility to modify the current allocation scenario.     

Extending the conversation on socially engaged geographic visualization: representing spatial inequality in Buffalo,New York

This paper is situated at the intersections among GIS and geovisualization, critical social theory, and urban studies. It presents an analysis of housing segregation and unequal food and transportation access in Buffalo, New York. We demonstrate how the representation and examination of this socially complex multi-scalar issue benefits from deliberate, reflexive conversation between different critical social-spatial epistemologies. We begin with a relatively simple GIS analysis of spatial segregation and arrive through critical iteration at a more qualitatively nuanced cartogram which moves beyond representations of fixed space to reveal a much more relational situation—a case of “time-space expansion” in which the travel time needed to meet a basic daily need is much greater for the poor and people of color than it is for whiter, more affluent populations. We conclude by infusing this narrative with additional considerations from social theory to show how even a limited visualization such as ours might better critically engage broader social and discursive processes in and across urban space.     

卫星摄影姿态测定系统低频误差补偿

姿态测定系统不仅存在高频误差,还存在与卫星轨道纬度及时间有关的低频误差,严重影响无地面控制点测量精度。本文分析了产生低频误差的因素及相关解决措施,并在天绘一号(TH-1)卫星工程中,利用光束法平差实现低频误差的自动检测与补偿处理,消除低频误差对定位精度的影响,最后进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:低频误差补偿技术,很好地解决了无地面控制定位系统误差问题,为实现天绘一号卫星全球定位精度的一致性发挥了重要作用。     

天绘一号三线阵相机在轨几何参数精化

为了找到适合天绘一号卫星三线阵相机在轨几何精化的模型和算法,首先分析了外方位线元素误差在几何参数精化中的影响,然后通过对定姿数据的预处理,消除了其中含有的高频噪声,并用正弦函数补偿了卫星平台飞行过程中的低频抖动,为三线阵相机每个镜头设计了姿态角常差模型。此外,根据传统的附加参数模型,构建了直接以像素坐标为观测值的内方位元素模型,并使用单侧有控外推的方式,确定最佳的精化模型参数组合及求解策略。试验表明,采用本文的精化方案,利用合理分布的控制点,天绘一号能达到平面精度约1 GSD,高程精度约0.8 GSD。     

A new approximation for ocean waves propagating over a beach with variable depth

In this paper, the phenomenon of ocean waves propagating over a beach with variable water depth is re-examined. Based on the assumption of shallow water, a linearised shallow water equation is solved with an arbitrary beach profile. These irregular beach profiles form a set of partial differential equation with variable coefficient as the governing equation, which is the main obstacle in obtaining analytical solutions. In this paper, two families of beach profile are used as examples. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of the beach profiles on the water surface elevation (η) and velocities (u).     

An analysis of second-order wave forces on floating bodies by using a higher-order boundary element method

The wave diffraction and radiation problem is studied numerically by using a higher-order boundary element method. The convergence of the higher-order boundary element method is tested systematically for bodies of different shapes. For the second-order force, particular attention is paid to the contribution of the second-order potential, following the line of Molin's approach. For numerical evaluation, the free surface is divided into three subregions; inner, intermediate and outer ones. In the inner region, the integral is evaluated numerically by using higher-order boundary elements. In the intermediate region, semi-analytic form is constructed with the help of eigen functions. In the outer domain, the analytic solution is available. This subdivision scheme reduces the numerical burden remarkably.     

黄河口及渤海中南部沉积特征变化及其环境动力分析

渤海中南部沉积类型及其分布受海底地形、水动力条件和物质来源影响 ,具有明显的分区多样性。而黄河巨大的输沙量进入渤海南部 ,其运移和扩散对这一地区沉积物的分布产生很大的影响。本文通过对不同时期底质情况的对比 ,说明研究区海底沉积的分布格局受到黄河河口不断向海延伸的影响在最近十几年中发生了很大的变化。而河口区的底质分布还受到最近几年黄河断流 ,水沙来量减少的深刻影响。     

城市扩展对趵突泉泉域直接补给区保泉能力影响

直接补给区是趵突泉泉域重要的补给场所之一,随着城市发展其面积逐渐缩小。通过遥感手段解译60多年来济南城市发展趋势,分析揭示其对直接补给区面积及强渗漏小流域入渗功能的影响,采用大气降雨入渗系数法定量计算直接补给区面积削减对泉水保护的影响。结果表明,1954年—2015年,济南城市发展经历了平缓增长、快速增长、爆发式增长3个发展阶段,导致泉水直接补给区面积累计削减130km^2,约占总面积的29%,直接补给区内强渗漏小流域遭受不同程度破坏,6个渗漏功能完全丧失,9个渗漏功能部分丧失,仅9个渗漏功能保存近似完好,直接造成泉水入渗补给量减少约9.7万m^3/d(以多年平均降雨量648mm计)。直接补给区生态功能亟待保护与修复,应统筹管理小流域内山、水、林、土、草,加强小流域内山坡、山脚、山谷局部水循环的系统保护与修复,逐步恢复泉水补给能力。