Effect of the Vertical Diffusion of Moisture in the Planetary Boundary Layer on an Idealized Tropical Cyclone

Previous numerical studies have focused on the combined effect of momentum and scalar eddy diffusivity on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones. The separate impact of eddy diffusivity estimated by planetary boundary layer(PBL) parameterization on the tropical cyclones has not yet been systematically examined. We have examined the impacts of eddy diffusion of moisture on idealized tropical cyclones using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model with the Yonsei University PBL scheme. Our results show nonlinear effects of moisture eddy diffusivity on the simulation of idealized tropical cyclones. Increasing the eddy diffusion of moisture increases the moisture content of the PBL, with three different effects on tropical cyclones:(1) an decrease in the depth of the PBL;(2) an increase in convection in the inner rain band and eyewall; and(3) drying of the lowest region of the PBL and then increasing the surface latent heat flux. These three processes have different effects on the intensity and structure of the tropical cyclone through various physical mechanisms. The increased surface latent heat flux is mainly responsible for the decrease in pressure. Results show that moisture eddy diffusivity has clear effects on the pressure in tropical cyclones, but contributes little to the intensity of wind. This largely influences the wind–pressure relationship, which is crucial in tropical cyclones simulation. These results improve our understanding of moisture eddy diffusivity in the PBL and its influence on tropical cyclones, and provides guidance for interpreting the variation of moisture in the PBL for tropical cyclone simulations.     

The Simulation of Five Tropical Cyclones by Sample Optimization of Ensemble Forecasting Based on the Observed Track and Intensity

The quality of ensemble forecasting is seriously affected by sample quality. In this study, the distributions of ensemble members based on the observed track and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) were optimized and their influence on the simulation results was analyzed. Simulated and observed tracks and intensities of TCs were compared and these two indicators were combined and weighted to score the sample. Samples with higher scores were retained and samples with lower scores were eliminated to improve the overall quality of the ensemble forecast. For each sample, the track score and intensity score were added as the final score of the sample with weight proportions of 10 to 0, 9 to 1, 8 to 2, 7 to 3, 6 to 4, 5 to 5. These were named as "tr", "91", "82", "73", "64", and "55", respectively. The WRF model was used to simulate five tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific to test the ability of this scheme to improve the forecast track and intensity of these cyclones. The results show that the sample optimization effectively reduced the track and intensity error, "55" usually had better performance on the short-term intensity prediction, and "tr" had better performance in short-term track prediction. From the overall performance of the track and intensity simulation, "91" was the best and most stable among all sample optimization schemes. These results may provide some guidance for optimizing operational ensemble forecasting of TCs.     

Impact of 4DVAR Assimilation of AIRS Total Column Ozone Observations on the Simulation of Hurricane Earl

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) provides twice-daily global observations of brightness temperature, which can be used to retrieve the total column ozone with high spatial and temporal resolution.In order to apply the AIRS ozone data to numerical prediction of tropical cyclones, a four-dimensional variational(4DVAR) assimilation scheme on selected model levels is adopted and implemented in the mesoscale non-hydrostatic model MM5. Based on the correlation between total column ozone and potential vorticity(PV), the observation operator of each level is established and five levels with highest correlation coefficients are selected for the 4DVAR assimilation of the AIRS total column ozone observations. The results from the numerical experiments using the proposed assimilation scheme for Hurricane Earl show that the ozone data assimilation affects the PV distributions with more mesoscale information at high levels first and then influences those at middle and low levels through the so-called asymmetric penetration of PV anomalies.With the AIRS ozone data being assimilated, the warm core of Hurricane Earl is intensified, resulting in the improvement of other fields near the hurricane center. The track prediction is improved mainly due to adjustment of the steering flows in the assimilation experiment.     

1984-2019年影响中国东南沿海城市的热带气旋及其经济损失变化特征

东南沿海是中国受热带气旋影响最严重的区域。以人口为标准,将浙江、福建、广东和海南四省拥有海岸线的地级市及上海在内的38个沿海城市划分为中等及以下(人口≤100万)、大型(100万人口≤500万)和特大(人口 500万)城市三个等级,基于1984—2019年影响中国东南沿海的热带气旋频次、强度、路径和经济损失数据,对登陆特征及经济损失变化特征进行研究,结果表明:(1) 1984—2019年登陆中国东南沿海特大城市的热带气旋频次最多,中等及以下城市最少。趋势上,在中等及以下城市登陆的热带气旋数量呈下降趋势,大型城市无明显变化,特大城市呈上升趋势。其中,广东西部和福建北部及中部的沿海城市登陆气旋频次最多。(2)强度上,特大城市登陆气旋强度最强,中等及以下城市最弱。趋势上,中等及以下城市登陆气旋强度减小,大型城市增加,特大城市先增加后减小,总体强度增加,福建、浙江和广东西部沿海城市登陆气旋强度最强。(3)从气旋登陆位置看,强热带气旋(STS)以上等级的气旋登陆点有北移趋势。(4)经济损失上,特大城市最高,其次为大型城市和中等及以下城市,总体变化均呈上升趋势,从损失占GDP (国内生产总值)比重上看,大型城市最低,中等及以下城市最高,均呈下降趋势。其中,福建、浙江和广东沿海城市损失高,占GDP比重低,海南损失低,但占GDP比重高。     

海岛地震台网自然因素对地脉动干扰分析

利用海南地震台网宽频带地震仪连续观测资料,分析不同自然环境下地脉动扰动信号,结果显示:在不同自然环境下,地震仪记录的地脉动扰动信号的形态、振幅、频率、扰动强度不同,其中登陆海岛的热带气旋引起的震颤信号频带窄、能量大、扰动强度较大,对地脉动干扰影响大,其次是天文潮期,远离海岛的热带气旋对地脉动干扰影响较小;不同路径、距离的热带气旋引起的震颤信号频率带一致,但扰动强度区别明显;不同自然环境对不同观测台站记录的地脉动信号均存在影响,只是程度稍有不同。     

2006年广西热带气旋灾害评估

2006年6-8月共有6个热带气旋影响广西,热带气旋灾害所造成的直接经济损失达44亿元(占所有气象灾害造成的直接经济损失的71%)。该文对热带气旋灾害性天气及其影响进行了评估,并对主要的灾害现象及所造成的损失进行了分析。     

COMPARISON OF SOME TROPICAL CYCLONE DATASETS AND CORRECTION OF YEARBOOK DATA

This is a study to compare three selected tropical cyclone datasets separately compiled by CMA Shanghai Typhoon Institute (CMA_SHI), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). The annual frequencies, observation times and destructive power index as the characteristic quantities are investigated of the tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. The comparative study has resulted in the following findings: 1) Statistical gaps between the datasets compared are narrowing down as the intensity of tropical cyclones increases. 2) In the context of interdecadal distribution, there is for the 1950s a relatively large gap between the datasets, as compared with a narrowed gap for the period from the mid 1970s to the 1980s, and a recurring widened gap for the mid and late 1990s. Additionally, an approach is proposed in the paper to correct the wind speed data in the TC Yearbook.     

1949-2017年南海海域热带气旋强度和路径快速变化统计特征

为进一步认识南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的统计特征,利用中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的1949–2017年的热带气旋最佳路径数据集,统计分析了不同强度等级热带气旋发生强度和路径快速变化的特征。结果表明:(1)由强热带风暴快速加强为台风、以及由台风快速加强为强台风是热带气旋强度快速加强发生频率最多的事件;强度快速加强次数以1次居多,一般不会超过2次;但大部分途经南海的热带气旋出现快速加强时都在南海以外的地区,在南海出现快速加强的概率仅为9.8%。(2)不同强度的热带气旋,其强度的维持时间长短对其强度快速加强有重要影响,一般在该强度的前24 h是快速加强的最佳阶段,当其中心气压下降速度超过?12.0 hPa/(6 h)时容易出现台风级别或以上的强度快速加强,且热带气旋快速加强容易出现在海温偏高地区。(3)南海地区热带气旋路径的偏转主要出现在西行路径中,其中以5°～30°的偏转为最常见,占到全部热带气旋总数的48.65%,不过,按照定义的路径快速转向标准,路径快速转向的概率仅有15.13%。随着热带气旋强度的增强,南海地区发生路径快速转向的频次迅速减少,路径快速转向主要出现在近海岸地区和南海中北部偏东区域。这些结果进一步细化和丰富了对南海地区热带气旋强度和路径快速变化的认识。     

西北太平洋热带气旋活动的年际变化及其与大尺度背景场的关系

西北太平洋热带气旋活动的年际变化引起了业内广泛关注。本文选取1950—2016年7—10月的西北太平洋热带气旋为研究对象,分析各等级热带气旋活动特征与Ni珘no-3.4区7—10月平均海表面温度异常(SSTA)的关系,统计了生成频数、生命期、累积气旋能量指数(ACE)、生成位置及路径的变化特征,并探究ENSO循环的暖事件年与冷事件年中大尺度背景场的差异。结果表明:(1)在暖事件年,强台风和超强台风的生成频数、生命期均有增加的趋势,ACE指数与SSTA正相关性更强,说明其强度有所增加,冷事件年情况相反。(2)强台风和超强台风在暖事件年生成位置偏东偏南,在冷事件年生成位置偏西偏北。(3)季风槽区的高低层环流形势配合垂直风切变及对流层暖湿空气,导致热带气旋的生成位置在冷暖事件中发生变化。     

Response of subsurface waters in the eastern Arabian Sea to tropical cyclones

Thermister chain data at different depths for June 1998 cyclone in the Arabian Sea at a location (69.2 E,15.5 N) which is about 60 km to the left of the cyclone track indicates subsurface warming below 60 m and inertial oscillations of temperature with a periodicity of about 2 days. The oscillations continued for ∼15 days even after the cyclone crossed the coast. The analysis of the buoy, DS1 located at the same position also suggests a stabilized southward flow after about two weeks of the cyclone crossed the coast. Analysis of the buoy data for May 1999 cyclone in the same region also indicates similar pattern. In order to investigate the effect of cyclone–ocean interaction and primarily to understand the process for the subsurface warming, 3-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model is configured for the eastern part of the Arabian Sea. The model uses high horizontal resolution of about 6 km near the coast and a terrain following sigma coordinate in the vertical with 26 levels. The study focuses on surface cooling and temperature rise in the underlying waters and explains its mechanism through upwelling and downwelling respectively. The simulations in concurrence with the observations suggest that the occurrence of subsurface warming precedes the surface cooling with a lag of ˜a day as the cyclone advances DS1. The simulations also demonstrate local temperature stratification plays an important role for cooling of the upper ocean and warming of the subsurface waters and extent of warming is directly related to the depth of the thermocline.