降水现象对大气消光系数和能见度的影响

大气中各种粒子对大气消光系数和能见度有不同程度影响,除气溶胶粒子外,降水粒子对能见度影响也不可忽视。为了解降水粒子对能见度的影响,确定能见度变化与降水现象之间的关系,该文在分析降水粒子的大小、速度、形状、谱分布、光学特性等特征的基础上,忽略气溶胶粒子的影响,建立基于实测谱分布的降水与能见度的理论模型,讨论不同类型降雨、降雪对大气消光系数和能见度的影响。同时选取Parsivel降水粒子谱仪在南京地区的降雨和降雪观测记录,利用实测数据来对比验证本文所建立的降水-能见度理论模型。结果表明:能见度随着降水强度的增大呈指数降低;受降水粒子特性和天气条件等多种因素影响,能见度与降水强度之间的关系并不是唯一对应的;降雨和降雪对能见度的影响各不相同,相比而言,降雨对能见度的影响比较容易确定,而降雪对能见度的影响比较复杂,主要因为雪花或冰晶的类型复杂多变,对大气消光系数有不同程度的影响。结合理论分析和实测数据对比验证,降水现象对能见度的影响得到了证实。     

一种改进的TSI3563积分浊度误差校正方法

TSI3563型积分式浊度计是一种性能出色的气溶胶散射系数观测仪器,然而由于仪器设计所固有的限制,TSI3563型浊度计观测结果包含有角度截断和非朗伯体光源两项系统性误差,会使观测结果较真值偏小10%左右。因此,需要对TSI3563型浊度计的观测结果进行校正才能得到较为精确的散射系数观测值。该研究利用2009年华北平原HaChi气溶胶外场观测数据测试了现有校正方法,结果显示,传统的校正方法在我国华北平原这样的高气溶胶污染地区并不适用。为此,提出一种改进的校正方法,利用同时观测的PM₁和PM₁₀数据,在校正方案中加入超微米粒子体积比这一参量,对于不同体积比采用不同的校正函数。利用实际观测数据检验后发现,改进方法的校正效果相对于传统方法有很大改善。     

Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.     

On the Determination of the Neutral Drag Coefficient in the Convective Boundary Layer

Based on the idea that free convection can be considered as a particular case of forced convection, where the gusts driven by the large-scale eddies are scaled with the Deardorff convective velocity scale, a new formulation for the neutral drag coefficient, C_Dn, in the convective boundary layer (CBL) is derived. It is shown that (i) a concept of C_Dn can still be used under strongly unstable conditions including a pure free-convection regime even when no logarithmic portion in the velocity profile exists; (ii) gustiness corrections must be applied for rational calculations of C_Dn; and (iii) the stratification function used in the derivation of C_Dn should satisfy the theoretical free-convection limit. The new formulation is compared with the traditional relationship for C_Dn, and data collected over the sea (during the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) and the San Clemente Ocean Probing Experiment (SCOPE)) and over land (during the BOREX-95 experiment) are used to illustrate the difference between the new and traditional formulations. Compared to the new approach, the traditional formulation strongly overestimates C_Dn and z_o in the CBL for mean wind speed less than about 2 m s^-1. The new approach also clarifies several contradictory results from earlier works. Some aspects related to an alternate definition of the neutral drag coefficient and the wind speed and the stress averaging procedure are considered.     

利用生育期水分供应系数进行旱涝区划的研究

根据不同作物不同发育阶段的需水特性，建立了作物蒸腾耗水模型。利用水分平衡方程。根据降水量及前期土壤水分储存量与作物蒸散耗水量的差，确定作物不同生育期水分满足程度的时间变化曲线，用以衡量水分的满足程度。     

中国近40年日平均气温的概率分布特征及年代际差异

利用全国129站日平均气温资料,从偏态系数、峰度系数入手分析了日平均气温的概率分布特征及年代际差异,结果表明:近40年中国各季日平均气温的均值分布大致呈南高北低,夏季日平均气温的日际变化最小,四季日平均气温不服从正态分布的地理差异明显。1961~1975年时段至1976~2000年时段,夏季、春季日平均气温不服从正态分布的范围明显加大,冬季不服从正态分布范围,北部加大,南部减小,秋季与冬季大致相反;在夏、春、秋季日平均气温方差的变化对日平均气温概率分布的影响是主要的,均值变化的影响次之,冬季在黄河中下游和长江下游流域均值的变化对概率分布影响是主要的,方差变化影响次之,其他地区相反。     

水平风作用下雨滴水平速度的数值仿真

为了研究雨滴在水平风作用下的水平移动情况,在分析水平风作用下雨滴受力情况的基础上,通过对曳力系数与雷诺数对应关系的研究,采用数值仿真的方法分别对海平面大气条件和不同大气条件下雨滴水平运动速度进行仿真.结果表明:当有水平风作用时,雨滴的水平运动速度不等于风的速度,而是随雨滴直径和水平风速的变化而变化;在水平风作用下,雨滴的水平移动速度可以在较短的时间内(一般小于15 s)达到一个稳定的值;在水平风速相同的情况下,气压越高、温度越低,雨滴达到平衡时的水平移动末速度相对越大,反之则越小.这些结论对基于图像采集原理的光学降水自动观测仪器进行雨滴图像拼合有重要的应用价值.     

X波段双偏振雷达探测数据分析与校验

保证移动X波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达在野外探测中雷达探测数据源的正确性,是预报员开展后续应用研究的重要前提。简要分析了差分反射率、相关系数、差分传播相移与差分相移系数的理论意义,同时结合多次观测经验,重点研究并验证了各双偏振产品在纯降水中的数值,研究双偏振参数对雷达硬件故障的指示意义,确保在探测时及时发现硬件故障与差损,提高探测数据质量。讨论了双偏振参数自测试校验,进行水平通道与垂直通道参数偏差校验,确保在探测之前获得双偏振通道的一致性。     

A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR COEFFICIENT

The relationship between potential evaporation and arealevaporation is assessed using a closed-box model of the convectiveboundary layer (CBL). Potential evaporation is defined as theevaporation that would occur from a hypothetical saturated surface,with radiative properties similar to those of the whole area, and smallenough that the excess moisture flux does not modify thecharacteristics of the CBL. It is shown that the equilibrium rate ofpotential evaporation is given by Ep0=E0,where E0 is the equilibrium evaporation (radiative termof the Penman formula), and is a coefficient similar to thePriestley-Taylor coefficient. Its expression is , where is the areal surface resistance, r_a is the localaerodynamic resistance, and is the dimensionless slope of thesaturation specific humidity at the temperature of the air. Itscalculated value is around 1 for any saturated surface surrounded bywater, about 1.3 for saturated grass surrounded by well-watered grassand can be greater than 3 over saturated forest surrounded by forest.The formulation obtained provides a theoretical basis to the overallmean value of 1.26, empirically found by Priestley and Taylor for thecoefficient . Examining, at the light of this formulation, thecomplementary relationship between potential and actual evaporation(as proposed by Bouchet and Morton), it appears that the sum ofthese two magnitudes is not a constant at equilibrium, but depends onthe value of the areal surface resistance.     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.