1951-2006年三峡库区夏季气候特征

以重庆市的沙坪坝、涪陵、万州、奉节和湖北省的宜昌5个站为代表,从降水、气温、日照、风速和蒸发等5个要素系统地分析了三峡库区1951-2006年夏季的气候变化特征。结果表明：三峡库区夏季降水量总体呈增加趋势,特别是在20世纪70年代末发生了一次明显跃变;最高气温、平均气温、日照时数以及蒸发量等总体呈下降趋势,在20世纪80年代初发生了一次明显跃变;平均最低气温和平均风速的变化趋势不明显,但所有气候要素均表现出明显的年代际变化特征。     

库车盆地始新世盐湖物源及蒸发浓缩程度研究

古近纪塔里木盆地属于副特提斯海东延部分,而库车次级盆地位于其东北部。它古近纪经历了浅海相—海陆交互相—陆相的沉积演化,并发育了巨厚蒸发岩,是中国油气的重要产区和钾盐重点勘查区,长期以来受到广大地质学家的关注。然而,关于库车盆地始新世盐湖卤水来源及蒸发浓缩成钾的研究尚存在一些争议和不确定性。因此,本文基于岩石学和矿相学观察、X射线衍射和扫描电镜能谱分析以及稳定同位素研究,探讨蒸发岩的沉积环境、补给来源及蒸发浓缩程度。蒸发岩岩相学分析表明:蒸发岩形成于近源泥砾混入的盐湖沉积环境。硬石膏δ~(34)S值指示了具有一定海源补给特征。石盐原生流体包裹体δD和δ18 O值分别为-118.1‰~-95.3‰和2.5‰~5.7‰,蒸发趋势线说明了古卤水蒸发浓缩程度较高。古盐湖演化过程中虽然经历了3次短暂的淡水混入,但随着古盐湖持续的蒸发作用,并没有影响钾镁盐的析出,且在δ18 O值正偏较大时析出相应的钾盐或含钾矿物,推测库车盆地始新统含盐系地层具有良好的成钾潜力。     

不同灌水定额条件下的覆膜开孔蒸发实验研究

在研制了室内蒸发动态观测实验系统的基础上,分析了土表覆膜开孔率和灌水定额不同条件下,蒸发土壤含水率剖面的动态特征。通过累积蒸发量的计算分析,基于Gardner关于裸土蒸发的累积蒸发量与时间关系成正比的理论关系,建立了不同覆膜开孔率和灌水定额影响下累积蒸发量随时间变化的三因素模型,从而成为传统Gardner关系的进一步扩展。在此基础上,进一步分析了覆膜开孔率和灌水定额对相对累积蒸发量和单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量的影响,并得出了相对累积蒸发量和单位膜孔面积累积蒸发量与覆膜开孔率和灌水定额之间的定量函数关系。     

Geochemical features and genesis of continental cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts

Mass cobalt-rich ferromanganese microcrusts and nodules similar in morphology and chemical composition to cobalt-rich ferromanganese deep-ocean crusts were found in Cenozoic volcanic rocks in southern Primorye. Research has shown that ore genesis of this type is genetically related to argillization and destruction of siliceous rocks by CO₂-rich fluids, which is confirmed by experimental data on carbon erosion of iron-containing materials. Two types of this fluid ore genesis are recognized: (1) relatively high-temperature (vapor-condensate), related to late volcanic processes and fracture gas infiltration, and (2) low-temperature (vapor-liquid-condensate), controlled by degassing followed by carbon mobilization (gasification). Primarily colloidal ferromanganese segregations have high contents of Co, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Ce, typical of oceanic ore genesis. Regardless of the concentrations of these metals in the protoliths, their contents in microcrusts are similar (n-10n wt.%). This indicates the same ore genesis mechanism and similar sorption properties of the colloidal ferromanganese material formed. Barium- and cerium-rich ferromanganese microcrusts and nodules are abundant. Condensed drops of iron-containing platinum were found in apobasaltic nickel-rich ferromanganese segregations. There is a cerium paradox expressed as a minimum or a total lack of cerium among rare-earth phosphates associated with ferromanganese microcrusts. Fluid destruction and oxide metallization of ocean-floor basalts are assumed to be the main source of metals for oceanic ferromanganese crusts and nodules.     

青藏高原湖泊蒸发估算方法的比较研究——以纳木错为例

基于青藏高原纳木错湖面2012-2014年日尺度气象观测数据,运用五类水面蒸发模型中的9种经验式估算湖面蒸发量,分别与涡动相关实测值对比分析,优化各公式的参数,进而评价、比较优化后各式的精度和适用性。优化后的Dalton系列估算式精度最高,但要求日尺度数据,且所需参数较多,因而其应用受限;组合模型精度近似Dalton系列公式,适合在气象资料较全时使用;温度-辐射模型和温度-日长模型的精度能达到较高要求,且所需参数少,因而经济简便,是利用常规气象资料估算湖泊蒸发的优良选择;温度模型估算式的精度较差。纳木错季风气候明显,需分季风期和非季风期分别对水面蒸发进行估算,两个时段经验估算式的参数有差异。还分析了纳木错湖面观测点与周边地区四个气象站（当雄、申扎、班戈和那曲）之间常规气象因子的相关关系。其中,太阳总辐射、气温和比湿等存在着较好的线性关系,因而可以在通过线性订正后用于湖泊蒸发估算,不会产生大的误差;但风速的相关性差。     

潜水蒸发系数的观测实验与分析计算

利用1991—2000年的观测实验系列资料，对潜水蒸发系数进行了分析计算，得出了冰期、月、年等三个计算时段不同岩性的潜水蒸发系数，并进行了变化特征和合理性分析，对三水转化机理、农田灌溉排水、盐碱地改造和水资源评价等方面的应用提了建设性建议。     

利用AMSR-E卫星数据反演蒸发波导高度的BP神经网络方法

主要结合P-J模式和全通道AMSR-E卫星数据,利用两种BP神经网络方法对热带海区蒸发波导高度进行了反演研究。(1)利用BP神经网络反演得到的气象参数通过P-J模式计算蒸发高度;(2)利用卫星AMSR-E数据直接反演蒸发波导高度。两种方法得到的与浮标实测参数计算得到的蒸发波导高度之间的相关系数相当,都为0.82左右,均方根差后者比前者小,分别为2.64m和1.89m。利用后一种网络直接反演了南海地区的蒸发波导高度,平均结果与其他文献结果基本一致。     

Comparison of Ten Potential Evapotranspiration Models and Their Attribution Analyses for Ten Chinese Drainage Basins

Potential evapotranspiration(E_PET) is usually calculated by empirical methods from surface meteorological variables,such as temperature, radiation and wind speed. The in-situ measured pan evaporation ET_pan can also be used as a proxy for E_PET. In this study, E_PET values computed from ten models are compared with observed ET_pan data in ten Chinese river basins for the period 1961-2013. The daily observed meteorological variables at 2267 stati...     

塔里木河下游区域水面蒸发影响因子敏感性分析

水面蒸发敏感因素的判断,对于干旱区水资源的规划与利用具有重要指导意义。本文以新疆塔里木河下游铁干里克气象站资料为例,对研究区水面蒸发影响因素进行分析。文章首先采用熵值法对水面蒸发进行敏感性分析,在此基础上运用灰色关联分析法进行验证。结果表明:温度、风速、日照时数这三因素对水面蒸发最为敏感;基于熵值法的敏感因素研究结果与灰色关联分析的结果基本一致,尤其在主要影响因素的判别上。研究结果干旱区水资源规划与利用提供了一种新方法和新思路。     

Moisture Sources and Their Contributions to Summer Precipitation in the East of Southwest China

Complex topography, special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China (ESWC). However, the contributions, influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated. Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model, we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes. There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC, namely the Arabian Sea channel, Bay of Bengal channel, western Pacific channel, Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2. Among the five channels, the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories, while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity (33.33%) and moisture flux (33.14%). The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport, and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation. However, on interannual time scales, precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation. An apparent "+ ? +" wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia, and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific, the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts, thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.