Effective impervious area for runoff in urban watersheds

Effective impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area (TIA) that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system, is an important parameter in determining actual urban runoff. EIA has implications in watershed hydrology, water quality, environment, and ecosystem services. The overall goal of this study is to evaluate the application of successive weighted least square (WLS) method to urban catchments with different sizes and various hydrologic conditions to determine EIA fraction. Other objectives are to develop insights on the data selection issues, EIA fraction, EIA/TIA ratio, and runoff source area patterns in urban catchments. The successive WLS method is applied to 50 urban catchments with different sizes from less than 1 ha to more than 2000 ha in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Texas, USA as well as Europe, Canada, and Australia. The average, median, and standard deviation of EIA fractions for the 42 catchments with residential land uses are found to be 0.222, 0.200, and 0.113, respectively. These values for the EIA/TIA ratio in the same 42 catchments are 0.50, 0.48, and 0.21, respectively. While the EIA/TIA results indicate the importance of EIA, 95% prediction interval of the mean EIA/TIA is found to be 0.07 to 0.93, which shows that using an average value for this ratio in each land use to determine EIA from TIA in ungauged urban watersheds can be misleading. The successive WLS method was robust and is recommended for determining EIA in gauged urban catchments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere from joint inversion in western China and its implications*

The western China lies in the convergence zone between Eurasian and Indian plates. It is an ideal place to study the lithosphere dynamics and tectonic evolutions on the continental Earth. The lithospheric strength is a key factor in controlling the lithosphere dynamics and deformations. The effective elastic thickness (T_e) of the lithosphere can be used to address the lithospheric strength. Previous researchers only used one of the admittance or coherence methods to investigate the T_e in the western China. Moreover, most of them ignored the internal loads of the lithosphere during the T_e calculation, which can produce large biases in the T_e estimations. To provide more reliable T_e estimations, we used a new joint inversion method that integrated both admittance and coherence techniques to compute the T_e in this study, with the WGM2012 gravity data, the ETOPO1 topographic data, and the Moho depths from the CRUST1.0 model. The internal loads are considered and investigated using the load ratio (F). Our results show that the joint inversion method can yield reliable T_e and F values. Based on the analysis of T_e and F distributions, we suggest (1) the northern Tibetan Plateau could be the front edge of the plate collision of Eurasian and Indian plates; (2) the southern and part of central Tibetan Plateau have a strong lithospheric mantle related to the rigid underthrusting Indian plate; (3) the southeastern Tibetan Plateau may be experiencing the delamination of lithosphere and upwelling of asthenosphere.     

冀中坳陷霸县凹陷文安斜坡沙三段储层特征及有效储层控制因素

综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性分析等技术方法,系统分析了文安斜坡沙三段储层岩石学特征、成岩作用特征及储集特征。研究表明,文安斜坡沙三段储层岩石类型以岩屑长石砂岩为主,杂基含量低,成分成熟度和结构成熟度中等;储集空间以原生孔隙为主,占总孔隙的72.81%,储集物性较差,属中低孔-低渗特低渗储层;储层主要经历了压实作用/早期碳酸盐胶结→长石、岩屑溶解/石英次生加大/高岭石充填→石英溶解/碳酸盐胶结→黄铁矿胶结。在有效储层物性下限计算的基础上,选取孔隙度差值作为参数,系统分析了有效储层控制因素。有效储层的形成主要受沉积微相、粒度、分选、成岩作用以及地层压力控制。水下分流河道和河口坝微相中碎屑颗粒越粗,分选越好,杂基含量越少,有效储层越发育;胶结作用对储层物性的控制较明显,是影响中深层储层物性的主要因素;溶蚀作用主要表现为长石等硅酸盐矿物的溶蚀,平均增孔量3.42%;早期地层超压抑制压实作用,保护孔隙,是有效储层发育的有利因素。     

Petrophysical software for interpreting integrated well-logging data based on spectrometric gamma-logging

This paper discusses modern techniques of identification of reservoir rocks of complex mineral composition in low-thickness layers. The principal purpose of the study is the elaboration of an optimal set of petrophysical investigations used for interpretation of well-logging (WL) data. The solution of the problem lies in generating a mineral-component model of sediments and in finding a range of admissible values of every macro component and its petrographic parameters.     

离层积水存在的矿井工作面涌水量预计

通过对某矿发生特大顶板突水工作面的充水条件分析,认为工作面采动叠加影响,在顶板厚层砂岩中形成的离层积水,是突水的主要充水水源。采用经验类比法和当量流径法,基于工作面涌水量值为正常涌水量与离层裂隙积水引起的涌水量之和,提出了涌水量预计计算理论公式,预计了该工作面未采区段恢复生产的涌水量大小。经实际开采检验,该方法基本可行。     

基桩有效桩长几个问题的探讨

从离心模型试验成果、超长单桩静载试验成果、工程实践及其他学者研究成果中,论证了普通单桩存在有效桩长。深入解释了有效桩长的含义,指出了与临界桩长概念有区别。在分析目前有效桩长定义基础上,提出了合理的有效桩长定义。明确了研究普通单桩有效桩长的意义及存在的问题,并提出了在一定条件下,合理确定有效桩长就是合理设计桩长。     

GCL与CCL复合衬垫的等效性分析

土工合成材料粘土衬垫(GCL)与土工膜(GM)形成的复合衬垫在垃圾填埋场中的应用日益广泛.我国规范中允许在特殊情况下用GCL代替压实粘土(CCL)做垃圾填埋场的衬垫,但是对于"特殊情况"没有明确说明.本文采用数值方法对复合衬垫中无机污染物的对流和扩散进行了计算,从衬垫底部污染物通量和累积量两个角度对GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫阻滞污染物运移的效果进行了比较,分析两种复合衬垫的等效性,并研究了GCL复合衬垫的适用范围.结果表明,当渗滤液水头较高时,GCL复合衬垫体现出其优势.     

The effects of elevation on thermal bioclimatic conditions in Uludağ (Turkey)

This study compares the thermal bioclimatic conditions recorded at Bursa (100 m) and Uluda? (1878 m) meteorological stations at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST (local standard time) between 1975 and 2006, by using the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), which is calculated from meteorological parameters. The effects of elevation-dependent environmental and atmospheric conditions on thermal perception (i.e., PET) values were analyzed and assessed. The analysis showed that the mean annual difference between PET values in Bursa and Uluda? was 12 ºC. The difference was lower in winter (9 ºC PET) and higher in summer (15 ºC PET). The highest difference between PET values occurred in the afternoon (16 ºC PET) and the lowest difference occurred in the morning (8.4 ºC PET). The differences occur as a result of high altitude and higher surface albedo due to snowfall, which leads to lower PET values and thus to less comfortable thermal conditions. The mean PET values of Bursa and Uluda? decrease 0.67 ºC every 100 m.     

基于充分浮力理论的有效应力原理公式推导

有效应力原理奠定了土力学的基础,具有十分重要的地位,而学术界对有效应力原理的推导过程争论较多。为揭示有效应力原理所蕴含的物理力学本质,阐明基本概念、澄清认识上的误区,以饱和土体为研究对象,通过“充分浮力作用”的概念,从一个新的角度推导了土体在自重和外载作用下有效应力原理公式的得出过程,分析了“忽略颗粒接触面积从而推得有效应力原理公式”这一公认方法的不妥之处;根据有效应力原理的本质,提出了一个关于饱和岩石、混凝土有效应力原理的简明修正方法,通过该修正方法得出的有效应力公式与前人的研究成果有较好的吻合。