不同参数化方案对长江中游汛期降水模式预报试验

利用中尺度模式多个物理过程组合成不同预报方案,对长江中游汛期降水预报进行了对比试验.试验结果表明,使用不同物理过程参数化方案对长江中游汛期降水的预报效果存在差异,这种差异随降水预报量级的提高而愈加明显;而就试验而言,Grell积云对流参数化方案与Blackadar边界层参数化方案的组合预报效果相对较好;就单个降水个例而言,预报效果相对好的参数化方案存在不确定性,集合平均预报相对稳定且优于大多数方案,其对降水评分的改进尤其体现在暴雨以下量级的预报中.     

The Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic fields for earthquake time–frequency characteristics: Insights from the EEMD–WVD method

Monitoring the Earth's natural pulse electromagnetic field (ENPEMF) signal is a geomagnetic detection approach for the Earth internal and external studies, and it provides a reference for earthquake prediction. In this paper, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition–Wigner Ville Distribution (EEMD–WVD) method is used to process the time sequences of the ENPEMF signal detected by GR‐01 receiving devices during the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake (April 20th, 2013). By obtaining the intrinsic mode function (IMF), the time–frequency–amplitude joint distribution and the energy spectrum of the ENPEMF signal, the suspected anomalies before the earthquake could be shown. The results illustrate the ENPEMF signal before an earthquake and its time–frequency characteristics based on an EEMD–WVD algorithm, proving useful information about the anomalies around the time of the earthquake.     

赣江流域多种数据同化方案的径流模拟比较

为了探讨水文模型在不同水文数据同化方案下的径流模拟差异,本文采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法,以遥感蒸散发产品、实测径流为观测数据,构建了基于新安江模型的数据同化框架。基于此框架设计了4种不同同化方案(DA-ET、DAET(K)、DA-ET-Q、DA-ET-Q(K))以及1种对照方案OL,以赣江流域开展实例研究,评估了水文数据同化中遥感蒸散发产品的时间分辨率、模型蒸散发相关参数时变与否以及多源数据同化对径流模拟的影响。结果表明:在DA-ET方案下,同化两种不同时间分辨率的蒸散发产品均能提高模型整体的径流模拟精度,且时间分辨率更高的产品的同化效果更好;在DA-ET方案的基础上,考虑加入实测径流进行同化能够提升模型径流模拟精度,且DA-ET(K)与DA-ET-Q(K)方案所得径流相对误差的减幅均超过了20%,说明在蒸散发同化过程中同时考虑蒸散发参数动态变化的结果更优;相较于OL方案,4种同化方案均能不同程度地提高模型对径流高水部分的模拟能力,但DA-ET-Q(K)方案表现最差,而其余方案差异并不显著。本研究有助于进一步了解不同数据同化方案在径流模拟中的差异,从而为水资源高效利用与科学管理提供科学依据...     

天气雷达定量降水估测不同校准方法的比较与应用

利用天气雷达联合地面雨量计定量降水估测的局地平均校准法和局地分级平均校准法,分布估计2012年7月21日20:00至22日01:00 BT重庆市荣昌县及附近的降水。结果表明,局地分级平均校准法较局地平均校准法对强降水的估测效果好,同时两种方法的降水估测效果均与所取的局地校准半径大小有关。对降水分布及洪水灾情的分析表明,降水分布与河网的结合是进行中小河流洪水气象风险预报的重要着眼点。     

A lightweight ensemble spatiotemporal interpolation model for geospatial data

ABSTRACT

Missing data is a common problem in the analysis of geospatial information. Existing methods introduce spatiotemporal dependencies to reduce imputing errors yet ignore ease of use in practice. Classical interpolation models are easy to build and apply; however, their imputation accuracy is limited due to their inability to capture spatiotemporal characteristics of geospatial data. Consequently, a lightweight ensemble model was constructed by modelling the spatiotemporal dependencies in a classical interpolation model. Temporally, the average correlation coefficients were introduced into a simple exponential smoothing model to automatically select the time window which ensured that the sample data had the strongest correlation to missing data. Spatially, the Gaussian equivalent and correlation distances were introduced in an inverse distance-weighting model, to assign weights to each spatial neighbor and sufficiently reflect changes in the spatiotemporal pattern. Finally, estimations of the missing values from temporal and spatial were aggregated into the final results with an extreme learning machine. Compared to existing models, the proposed model achieves higher imputation accuracy by lowering the mean absolute error by 10.93 to 52.48% in the road network dataset and by 23.35 to 72.18% in the air quality station dataset and exhibits robust performance in spatiotemporal mutations.     

不同区域海温异常对中国夏季旱涝影响的诊断研究和预测试验

利用季降水异常的典型集合相关预测模式, 研究了前期和同期不同季节全球海表温度距平场与中国夏季旱涝的遥相关分布特征以及这种相关型随季节的变化, 揭示了全球海温的异常变化在中国夏季旱涝中的信号特征.研究表明, 全球不同区域海温对我国夏季降水的影响存在着明显的季节差异.全球特定的海温分布可以作为中国夏季旱涝预报的信号因子.选取不同区域及不同时段的海温场作为因子场分别对1998、 1999年这两个典型年份的我国夏季降水进行了诊断研究和预测试验, 并通过不同区域海温的影响权重做集成预测.试验结果表明:不同区域海温的集成预测不仅可以有效地提高预测的准确性, 而且可以揭示不同时段不同区域海温的异常变化在夏季旱涝中的强信号现象.     

基于非静力模式物理扰动的中尺度集合预报试验

以GRAPES中尺度有限区模式作为试验模式, 从模式的不确定性方面来构造中尺度的集合预报, 重点考虑物理因子与初始条件的扰动作用。针对2004年7月10日北京城区的突发性暴雨过程进行了36 h的集合预报试验。结果表明:GRAPES模式可有效地捕捉到中尺度过程的信息; 中尺度集合预报是可行的, 可改进中尺度暴雨过程落区、强度的预报; 不同集合方案的预报结果各不相同, 同一方案各个成员的预报结果也有差异, 即存在适宜的离散度; 在离散度分析中发现在北京附近存在一个明显大值区, 且在大气中低层的垂直结构表现出一致性, 表明这一区域的预报不确定性很大。从集合检验结果中得到:单纯考虑模式物理扰动来构造中尺度集合预报系统有一定难度, 当加入初始场不确定信息后, 同时考虑模式的不确定性和初始场的不确定性, 有助于捕捉更多的中尺度系统的不确定信息, 有助于构造更为有效的中尺度集合预报系统。     

Seasonal Sensitivity on COBEL-ISBA Local Forecast System for Fog and Low Clouds

Skillful low visibility forecasts are essential for air-traffic managers to effectively regulate traffic and to optimize air-traffic control at international airports. For this purpose, the COBEL-ISBA local numerical forecast system has been implemented at Paris CDG international airport. This local approach is robust owing to the assimilation of detailed local observations. However, even with dedicated observations and initialization, uncertainties remain in both initial conditions and mesoscale forcings. The goal of the research presented here is to address the sensitivity of COBEL-ISBA forecast to initial conditions and mesoscale forcings during the winter season 2002–2003. The main sources of uncertainty of COBEL-ISBA input parameters have been estimated and the evaluation of parameter uncertainty on the forecasts has been studied. A budget strategy is applied during the winter season to quantify COBEL-ISBA sensitivity. This study is the first step toward building a local ensemble prediction system based on COBEL-ISBA. The conclusions of this work point out the potential for COBEL-ISBA ensemble forecasting and quantify sources of uncertainty that lead to dispersion.     

数值预报发展的新方向——集合数值预报

数值预报走过了百年的历史（V．Bjerknes，1904），取得了了不起的成就，预报准确率有了很大的提高。但是，考虑到大气的非线性作用以及初值和模式造成的数值预报不确定性，要提高传统的单一确定性预报的技巧越来越难。基于大气初值的敏感性试验，Lorenz提出了数值预报发展的新方向——集合数值预报。 通过介绍集合数值预报的基本思想和方法；并针对初值和模式的不确定性，概述现有集合数值预报成员的产生方法及国内外的研究进展；同时解释怎样检验集合预报的结果的论述，如何从众多的集合预报产品中提炼有用的信息及预报产品的释用。     

集合预报业务使用现状和趋势

依据 1999年 11月 14～ 19日在欧洲中期天气预报中心举行的第 7届天气预报业务系统研讨会的情况 ,对集合预报的业务使用现状、集合预报产品以及未来趋势进行了介绍