Oyster patch reefs as indicators of fossil hydrocarbon seeps induced by synsedimentary faults

The Late Jurassic deposits of the Boulonnais area (N-France) represent the proximal lateral-equivalent of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation; they accumulated on a clastic-dominated ramp subject to synsedimentary faulting as a result of the Atlantic Ocean rifting. In the Gris-Nez Cape area, i.e., close to the northern border fault zone of the Jurassic basin, the Late Jurassic sequence contains small-dimensioned oyster patch reefs (<1 m) that are specifically observed at the base of an abrupt deepening trend in the depositional sequence induced by well-defined pulses of normal fault activity. Petrographic analysis of these patch reefs shows that they are exclusively composed of Nanogyra nana embedded in a microsparitic calcite matrix. ™¹³C measurements, carried out within both the matrix and the shells, display significantly lower values in the matrix compared to the oyster shells which suggests that the carbonate matrix precipitation was involving a carbon source different from marine dissolved inorganic carbon, most probably related to sulfate reduction, which is evidenced by light ™³⁴S in pyrites. Similarities but also differences with lucinid-rich bioconstructions, namely, the Late Jurassic pseudo-bioherms of Beauvoisin (SE-France) suggest that the patch reefs developed at hydrocarbon seeps are related to synsedimentary faults. The extensional block-faulting segmentation of the northern margin of the Boulonnais Basin in Late Jurassic times is thus believed to have induced a sort of small-dimension hydrocarbon seepage field, recorded by the patch reef distribution.     

北京市电网雷害分布规律及风险评估

根据1996—2009年北京市逐日电网灾害资料分析了北京市电网雷害的发生规律, 结果显示:北京市电网雷害存在季节变化和日变化特征。结合同期气象观测站的雷暴日资料、北京市各区县的经济和人口密度特征提出了电网雷害概率、电网雷害频度、电网雷害密度、经济易损模数和生命易损模数作为北京市电网雷害风险评估指标。在此基础上,采用4级分区法对上述电网雷害易损性评估指标进行分级,并将北京市各区县按照5个电网雷害评估指标的所属等级值累加,得到电网雷害综合易损风险评估的评估系数。结果表明:北京地区电网雷害高风险区集中在北京城区中心附近,山区和山前迎风坡地带尽管电网雷害频次较高,但电网雷害风险却相对较低。     

UL-Isomap based nonlinear dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral imagery classification

The paper proposes an upgraded landmark-Isometric mapping (UL-Isomap) method to solve the two problems of landmark selection and computational complexity in dimensionality reduction using landmark Isometric mapping (LIsomap) for hyperspectral imagery (HSI) classification. First, the vector quantization method is introduced to select proper landmarks for HSI data. The approach considers the variations in local density of pixels in the spectral space. It locates the unique landmarks representing the geometric structures of HSI data. Then, random projections are used to reduce the bands of HSI data. After that, the new method incorporates the Recursive Lanczos Bisection (RLB) algorithm to construct the fast approximate k-nearest neighbor graph. The RLB algorithm accompanied with random projections improves the speed of neighbor searching in UL-Isomap. After constructing the geodesic distance graph between landmarks and all pixels, the method uses a fast randomized low-rank approximate method to speed up the eigenvalue decomposition of the inner-product matrix in multidimensional scaling. Manifold coordinates of landmarks are then computed. Manifold coordinates of non-landmarks are computed through the pseudo inverse transformation of landmark coordinates. Five experiments on two different HSI datasets are run to test the new UL-Isomap method. Experimental results show that UL-Isomap surpasses LIsomap, both in the overall classification accuracy (OCA) and in computational speed, with a speed over 5 times faster. Moreover, the UL-Isomap method, when compared against the Isometric mapping (Isomap) method, obtains only slightly lower OCAs.     

Mainstreaming local perceptions of hurricane risk into policymaking: A case study of community GIS in Mexico

This article suggests a framework for incorporating and communicating local perceptions of hurricane risk into policymaking through a case study conducted at El Zapotito commune in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. The authors constructed a geographical information system (GIS)-based model to quantify and spatially assess specific household-level vulnerabilities from information generated through interviews. This research developed a household vulnerability index applied to a participatory GIS to map vulnerability to hurricane hazard. The results indicate that infrastructural weaknesses are the most important factor contributing to vulnerability, explaining on their own 72.2% of the variation in the vulnerability patterns. These findings are corroborated by a vulnerability and capacity assessment (VCA), which shows that the community lacks strategies to cope with unsafe housing. It is suggested that linking community participation with modern techniques to analyse risk can empower communities and mobilise their capacities to address very specific vulnerabilities.     

澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制经验及对我国的借鉴意义

通过对澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制的分析,介绍了澳大利亚清单编制的研究框架、组织管理形式,在此基础上提出了健全我国清单编制管理机构、建立稳定畅通的数据来源渠道、逐步开展企业联网直报等建议。这些工作将有助于促使我国清单编制工作逐步常规化和标准化,及时为政策研究和决策制定提供基础数据并积极应对可能面临着递交频率增加和接受国际磋商和分析的挑战。     

脆性材料强破裂前兆的初步研究

本文依据现有的实验结果初步研究脆性材料在破坏孕育过程中发生的强破裂的前兆特征.以应变(形变)突变、破裂弹性波限幅等物理变化特征确定强破裂;研究总结了不同试样、两种加载方式的破坏试验中的多个强破裂的前兆特征变化:一类为包括定点和场的应变变化特征,另一类为包括声发射率(破裂频度)、b值、波谱及微破裂时空分布等的声发射变化....     

利用热声发射技术测量岩石最高古温度的探索

根据岩石的热Kaiser效应,岩石能够记忆地质历史中经历过的最高温度.本次实验使用自行研制的岩石热声发射仪,利用人工加热的砂岩和灰岩样品证实了沉积岩存在热Kaiser效应,并探讨了根据热Kaiser效应测量沉积岩经历的最高温度的准确性.通过对塔里木盆地的系列埋深(2800~5300 m)的砂岩和泥岩样品及川西地区灰岩样...     

An experimental study on using MR damper to mitigate longitudinal seismic response of a suspension bridge

In this paper, the seismic response reduction performance of magnetorheological (MR) damper is experimentally investigated for a suspension bridge. First, the force–displacement and force–velocity curves under a range of excitation frequencies, amplitudes and currents are obtained by mechanical behavior test of the RD1097 type MR damper. Then a new non-linear hysteretic model is proposed to model the mechanical behavior of the MR damper and the model parameters are identified from test data. An experimental method, as well as a set of testing setups with the MR damper for longitudinal seismic response reduction of a SDOF generalized system representing the fundamental longitudinal mode of suspension bridge, is developed. Finally, the seismic response reduction experiment subject to three kinds of earthquake excitations, including the Pingsheng Bridge earthquake wave, the El-Centro wave and the Taft wave, is carried out, and nine control cases, including uncontrolled, six passive control schemes with different input currents and two semi-active Bang–Bang control schemes, are tested. The results verify that the seismic response reduction experimental method is feasible and the good performance of seismic longitudinal response reduction of the suspension bridge can be achieved by MR damper. It is also shown that the passive control with optimum input current outperforms the semi-active Bang–Bang controls.     

从农村民居抗震性能现状谈防震减灾规划目标的实现——以山西新绛县为例

通过对新绛县农村民居状况进行调查,分析了农村民居抗震性能的现状及造成现状的原因,并提出了改进的具体措施及建议。