Analysis of a large extent aeromagnetic survey near the geomagnetic equator (Minas Gerais,Brazil)

A large extent aeromagnetic survey, covering a 9°×9° degree of a Precambrian shield area in SE Brazil, was used to analyse long wavelength magnetic anomalies with the purpose of determining the magnetic structure of the lithosphere.Data analysis based on a novel approach to the estimation of the parameters in the statistical model ofSpector andGrant (1970), reveals a highly magnetized lower crust, bounded by an essentially non-magnetic upper mantle. The highly magnetized layer can be associated with a higher density lower crust model, derived from gravity and seismic data available in the area, suggesting a compositional transition from upper to lower crust.It was also verified that the operation of reduction to the pole, which is singular at the geomagnetic equator, performs quite satisfactorily at the low geomagnetic inclination of the area, bringing into accordance the long wavelength anomalies with the structural trends.     

孔隙压力作用下煤岩破裂及声发射特性的数值模拟

运用嵌入孔隙压力的岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D系统,对孔隙压力作用下煤岩的变形强度特性进行了数值试验研究。数值试验结果表明,在孔隙压力一定时,随着围压的增加,煤岩的杨氏模量、抗压强度都随之增高;而当围压一定时,随着孔隙压力的增加,煤岩的杨氏模量、抗压强度则稍有降低,而且峰值强度后的应力-应变曲线有呈现脆性的趋势。此外数值模拟还研究了不同围压及孔隙压力作用下煤岩的声发射特性     

锇粉中杂质元素分析方法研究

利用ＩＣＰ＿ＭＳ技术建立了锇粉中痕量杂质元素的分析方法。在浓ＨＮＯ３介质中,锇以ＯｓＯ４形式挥发除去,分离锇基体后,可直接测定的痕量元素达５０余种。取样量０．１ｇ,测定限为０．２～２４６ｎｇ／ｇ,可实现质量分数ｗ（Ｏｓ）为９９．９９９９％锇粉中杂质元素测定。结合ＩＣＰ＿ＡＥＳ测定Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ａｌ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｉ和Ｐ,可实现锇粉原料及产品的纯度分析。     

有限元强度折减法在公路隧道中的应用探讨

将有限元强度折减法应用于隧道的稳定性评价。利用有限元强度折减法求得的安全系数与潜在滑动面,不仅可以评价隧道的稳定性和设计的合理性,还可以对支护参数和施工工艺提出改进建议。计算表明,泊松比? 的取值对塑性区范围影响很大,但对安全系数基本上没有影响;围岩等级越高,达到破坏状态时围岩的塑性区范围越大,破坏区却越小,安全系数越高;上覆岩体增厚,同类围岩塑性区范围和最大塑性应变值都增大,而安全系数减小。破坏时围岩等级高的隧道塑性区大,围岩等级低的反而小,因此,单纯根据塑性区范围大小来评判隧道的安全性是值得商榷的。     

等离子体发射光谱法直接测定海洋沉积物中的微量稀土元素

应用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法对海洋沉积物中微量稀土元素的测定进行了研究,选择了最佳的仪器工作条件,采用多谱线拟合技术进行校正,样品的加标回收率为94．0％-110．0％。方法采用海底沉积物国家一级标准物质进行验证,测定结果与标准值较吻合,各元素10次测定的RSD≤11．3％。     

煤田火区碳排放量计算模型和关键参数研究

完善碳排放清单,是进行减排工作的基础,为了查明煤田火区对大气碳排放的贡献量,以煤氧复合作用学说为理论基础,从不同的研究思路出发,提出了烧失煤量法和排放通量法两种火区碳排放量计算模型。在明确模型中关键参数“释放因子”“排放系数α”“排放通量”“排放系数β”的具体含义的基础上,重点对各参数所对应的获取途径进行了研究论述：(1)释放因子通过在室内进行煤自燃模拟实验得出;(2)排放系数α通过煤岩吸附实验结合火区实地勘测得出;(3)排放通量通过对火区现场煤自燃气体排放及环境因素的实时监测得出;(4)排放系数β通过对遥感图像裂隙信息的提取得到。上述两种计算模型在我国乌达实验区进行了实际应用,并对其可实现性进行了检验。     

南京市土地利用结构碳排放效率增长及其空间相关性

采用南京市11个区2005-2014年的相关数据,首先对不同类型土地的碳排放量进行核算,进一步将其作为非期望产出引入DEA模型并采用Hicks-Moorsteen指数对南京市各区的土地利用结构碳排放效率增长进行估算、比较和分析。研究结果表明：① 碳排放的主要来源是建设用地的间接碳排放,研究期内的土地利用碳排放量呈现出持续增长的发展态势。② 全要素碳排放效率增长及其分解要素均低于传统全要素生产率增长,即不考虑碳排放约束的全要素生产率增长高估了实际的土地利用效率增长水平。全要素碳排放效率增长在研究期内表现出收敛态势和区域之间均衡性的发展特征,源于“低碳和高效”发展理念的深入人心,单位GDP能耗不断降低。③ 南京市各区的技术效率值较低,“技术追赶”效应不明显,开始出现土地利用的规模经济效应,但是范围经济效应不显著。④ 全要素碳排放效率增长在南京市范围内具有空间正相关性,且表现出空间集聚特征。基于此,提出了一些有益的建议。     

The U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program: A Successful State–Federal Partnership

The U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) is a State/Federal partnership created to reduce tsunami hazards along U.S. coastlines. Established in 1996, NTHMP coordinates the efforts of five Pacific States: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington with the three Federal agencies responsible for tsunami hazard mitigation: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In the 7 years of the program it has, 1. established a tsunami forecasting capability for the two tsunami warning centers through the combined use of deep ocean tsunami data and numerical models; 2. upgraded the seismic network enabling the tsunami warning centers to locate and size earthquakes faster and more accurately; 3. produced 22 tsunami inundation maps covering 113 coastal communities with a population at risk of over a million people; 4. initiated a program to develop tsunami-resilient communities through awareness, education, warning dissemination, mitigation incentives, coastal planning, and construction guidelines; 5. conducted surveys that indicate a positive impact of the programs activities in raising tsunami awareness. A 17-member Steering Group consisting of representatives from the five Pacific States, NOAA, FEMA, USGS, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) guides NTHMP. The success of the program has been the result of a personal commitment by steering group members that has leveraged the total Federal funding by contributions from the States and Federal Agencies at a ratio of over six matching dollars to every NTHMP dollar. Twice yearly meetings of the steering group promote communication between scientists and emergency managers, and among the State and Federal agencies. From its initiation NTHMP has been based on the needs of coastal communities and emergency managers and has been results driven because of the cycle of year-to-year funding for the first 5 years. A major impact of the program occurred on 17 November 2003, when an Alaskan tsunami warning was canceled because real-time, deep ocean tsunami data indicated the tsunami would be non-damaging. Canceling this warning averted an evacuation in Hawaii, avoiding a loss in productivity valued at $68M.     

Common bivalve larvae from New Zealand: Leptonacea

The late stage larvae of three erycinid bivalves (Mollusca: Pelecypoda: Leptonacea) taken from the brood chamber of the adult are described (Kellia cycladiformis, Lasaea rubra hinemoa, and L. maoria), and the provisionally identified late stage larva of the erycinid Arthritica bijurca taken from the plankton is described. Also, the D‐shaped larvae of the erycinid bivalves Kellia cycladiformis, Borniola reniformis, Arlhritica crassijormis, and A. bifurca taken from the parent brood chamber are described. The seasonal occurrence of each late stage larva in the plankton at the Bay of Islands (35° 15'S, 174° 10'E), Wellington Harbour (41° 16'S, 174° 51'E), and Raumati Beach (40° 56'S, 174° 58'E), New Zealand is described. Aspects of the reproductive cycles of Lasaea rubra hinemoa and Arthritica bifurca are presented.     

标本非均匀性对岩石变形声发射时空分布的影响及其地震学意义

基于一组实验结果,讨论了岩石标本的非均匀性（预存微裂纹和宏观裂纹）对声发射 时空分布的影响. 对比分析表明,预存微裂纹的存在使得破裂成核前声发射率快速增加、 b值表现出一种短期异常现象,即在下降背景上出现起伏,从而增加了破裂时间的可预报 性. 宏观结构（节理、层面等）的存在对声发射率和b值的影响与微裂纹相同,而且宏 观结构对声发射的空间分布具有控制作用,声发射丛集的宏观构造通常控制着未来的主破裂 . 这意味着宏观构造的存在使得主破裂的时间和位置预报成为可能. 