高CO_2浓度对石莼光合作用及营养盐吸收的影响

在室外自然条件下用高 CO2 浓度的空气 (5 0 0 0μL CO2 · L-1)通气培养石莼 (Ulvalactuca) 9～ 10 d,以探讨高 CO2 浓度对石莼生理特性的影响。结果表明 ,在高 CO2 浓度条件下 ,石莼的生长速率没有明显改变。而石莼的光合能力下降 ,光合参数如光合效率、羧化效率及光饱和点也都下降 ;但在高 CO2 浓度条件下 ,石莼培养液中营养盐浓度的下降速度增加 ,且 NO-3 浓度下降速度的相对促进量比 PO3 -4 浓度下降速度的相对促进量更大     

Impacta of CO2 enrichment on growth and photosynthesis in freshwater and marine diatoms

The physiological responses of Nitzschia palea Kiitzing, a freshwater diatom, to elevated CO2 were investigated and compared with those of a marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann previously reported. Elevated CO2 concentration to 700 μl/L increased the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and lowered the pH in the cultures of N. palea, thus enhancing the growth by 4%-20% during the whole growth period. High CO2-grown N. palea cells showed lower levels of dark respiration rates and higher Ik values. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic efficiencies decreased in N. palea with the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the bottom of cultures, although the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the surface cultures had few effects on these two photosynthetic parameters. N. palea cells were found to be capable of using HCO3- in addition to gaseous CO2, and the CO2 enrichment decreased their affinity for HCO3- and CO2. Although doubled CO2 level would enhance the biomass of N. palea and C. muelleri to different extents, compared with the marine diatom, it had a significant effect on the specific growth rates of N. palea. In addition, the responses of photosynthetic parameters of N. palea to doubled CO2 concentration were almost opposite to those of C. muelleri.     

我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料和国家气象中心对流天气综合监测等资料,对2010-2012年我国春季冷锋后的高架雷暴的时空分布特征和强对流天气特点等进行统计分析,并通过一次典型个例给出影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统,再结合雷暴物理条件的统计特征探讨高架雷暴发生发展的物理机制。研究结果表明,此类高架雷暴主要发生在我国南方地区,具有一定的日变化,常伴冰雹和短时强降水天气。影响高架雷暴的主要天气系统为高低空急流、低层切变线以及500 hPa西风槽等。预报着眼点主要为850和700 hPa大气相对湿度在70%以上;700与500 hPa的温差达16℃以上,有一定的热力不稳定;700 hPa上建立一支低空西南急流,配合500 hPa西风槽以及低层的切变线,这些因素为雷暴触发及发展提供条件。     

大气CO2浓度升高和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响

随着大气CO2浓度的逐渐升高,CO2的施肥效应很可能对陆地生态系统的N2O地气交换过程产生一定的影响。在江苏北部的中国稻麦轮作FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) 实验平台上,采用静态箱暗箱-色谱法,研究了一个稻麦轮作周期（2005年6月中旬至2006年6月中旬）3种小麦秸秆还田水平处理(全还田、半还田和不还田)和CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol-1对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的影响。结果表明,就当地传统农田管理方式下的砂性土壤稻麦轮作农田N2O排放而言,所采用的观测方法未能检测到显著的秸秆还田效应和大气CO2浓度升高效应。     

2005—2007年乌兰浩特机场夏季雷暴特征分析

对乌兰浩特机场2005—2007年夏季(6—8月)雷暴天气进行了统计和分析。统计结果表明:乌兰浩特机场夏季发生雷暴天气的概率不高,按日数统计的气候概率达23.36%;连续性不强;持续时间短,一般在1.5h以内;雷暴天气多数出现在午后至夜间,上午出现的概率极低。雷暴一般形成在机场西、西南和南部,消失在东和东南部,移动方向主要为由西向东。     

北京地区两条线状对流相继下山发展的边界层条件对比研究

利用北京地区稠密的观测资料和变分多普勒雷达分析系统(VDRAS)再分析资料,分析了2017年7月7日相继影响北京地区并造成短时强降水、大风、小冰雹等的两条线状对流活动。两条对流均生成于北京西北的河北张家口山区,且在山脚和平原地区继续发展,但其边界层条件是不同的,第二条对流带在第一条影响后的冷垫上发展。结果表明:平原及山脚一带较好的热力、动力条件,包括高温高湿的边界层环境、低层环境风场与对流带前侧冷池出流形成的辐合,为第一条对流带在下山过程中快速组织化发展形成飑线提供了有利条件。飑线发展强盛阶段,冷池的发展与环境低层垂直风切变达到平衡,冷池前沿自地面至1.5 km高度处形成强辐合区,上升运动呈近乎垂直的形态。第二条对流带在前一条飑线形成的冷垫上继续发展,形成暖季高架对流,虽然风暴上升运动呈倾斜状且强度有所减弱,但是强回波(≥45 dBz)面积未减。一方面,第二条对流带受前一条飑线能量方面的抑制;但另一方面,两条对流带在合适的距离下,低层流场形成辐合,尤其是在第二条对流带的冷池与前一条飑线形成的冷垫靠近叠加以后低层辐合进一步加强,第二条对流带回波继续北上。本例高架对流发展的能量来源主要为边界层以上层结不稳定的大气,可能伴随在第一条飑线过境后由偏南暖湿气流带来的边界层以上对流能量重建过程。所以,在强对流短时临近预报业务中,需要综合考虑热力、动力等多重因素,而VDRAS快速更新同化的再分析资料可以提供有效参考。     

A STUDY ON THE ESTIMATION OF TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE PARAMETER IN ABL WITH ELEVATED INVERSION

Temperature structure parameter in the vertical is estimated once by using the turbulence outerscale approximation and another by using the Obukhov similarity relationship during the formation ofan elevated inversion.A comparison of the profiles drawn using both the methods is done for the pur-pose of assessing the accuracy of the similarity method when applied to levels above the surface-basedlayer.The profiles obtained by both the methods are also compared with a similar profile obtained af-ter considering a bulk shear between the ground and top of the elevated layer.     

西太平洋中南部冬季悬空波导统计分析及成因初探

利用2015年11月—2016年1月船载GPS探空数据和欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料,对西太平洋中南部海域悬空波导现象进行了统计分析。探空资料分析表明：该区域出现悬空波导的发生概率为47%,平均高度为1 393 m,平均厚度为205 m,平均强度为11.7 M-unit,平均截止波长为2.7 m。悬空波导发生时,天气晴朗,云量较少,以积云为主。进一步分析发现5～30°N范围内悬空波导发生概率高达77%,在800 hPa左右高度存在强悬空波导现象。ERA-Interim再分析资料表明强悬空波导出现在巨大反气旋运动区,副热带高压内部缓慢下沉引起的干燥大气与海洋边界层内湿润的、上升运动大气相遇,在800 hPa附近形成较强的相对湿度梯度和逆温,导致强悬空波导的发生。     

Marine Terraces and Quaternary Tectonism,Northwest Baja California,Mexico

Deformed marine terraces provide excellent measures of Quaternary tectonism along 400 km of the Pacific coast of Baja California between Ensenada and Punta Blanca. The nature and magnitude of deformation are well expressed by the present elevation of the marine limit, of Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene age, which has been upwarped to 345m, 357m, and at least 195m in three separate localities, while occurring at lower levels elsewhere. Multiple terraces are found below this marine limit where appreciable uplift has occurred. Where relative subsidence has prevailed, fewer broader terraces or thick alluvial and eolian deposits occur. Terraces are further dislocated by NW-SE strike-slip faulting and by normal faults that trend NE-SW across the coast. Folding and faulting are less significant on the younger terraces than on the older features, and negligible for the Sangamonian terrace, except close to major faults. Crustal movements revealed by these terraces, and by similar features in southern California, Baja California Sur, and around the Gulf of California, are interpreted in terms of plate tectonics. Over the past 5 million years, the Peninsular Ranges have been carried northwestwards away from mainland Mexico, at an average rate of 6cm/yr, on the dis located limb of a spreading sea floor associated with the East Pacific Rise now found beneath the Gulf of California. The Pacific coast of the Peninsular Ranges comprises several discrete crustal slivers which, on the evidence of the marine terraces, have been warped and dislocated in response to tec tonic forces associated with rafting and subsequent crowding against transverse structures to the north. Uplift rates range as high as 1.0m/1000 yrs locally but are generally less, and are much less than rates found in the Transverse Ranges farther north. As in the latter province, basins typified by net sub sidence during Quaternary time are also found.     

Impacts of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> enrichment on growth and photosynthesis in freshwater and marine diatoms

The physiological responses of Nitzschia palea Kvtzing, a freshwater diatom, to elevated CO2 were investigated and compared with those of a marine diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann previously reported. Elevated CO2 concentration to 700 μl/L increased the dissolved inorganic carbon （D!C） and lowered the pH in the cultures of N. palea, thus enhancing the growth by 4%-20% during the whole growth period. High CO2-grown N. palea cells showed lower levels of dark respiration rates and higher Ik values. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates and photosynthetic efficiencies decreased in N. palea with the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the bottom of cultures, although the doubling CO2 concentration in airflow to the surface cultures had few effects on these two photosynthetic parameters. N. palea cells were found to be capable of using HCO5 in addition to gaseous CO2, and the CO2 enrichment decreased their affinity for HCO5 and CO2. Although doubled CO2 level would enhance the biomass of N. patea and C. muelleri to different extents, compared with the marine diatom, it had a significant effect on the specific growth rates of N. palea. In addition, the responses of photosynthetic parameters of IV. palea to doubled CO2 concentration were almost opposite to those of C. muelleri.