卫星观测的西南地区闪电的时空分布

利用TRMM卫星上携带的闪电探测仪（LIS）所获取的10 a闪电资料（1998—2007年）对西南地区闪电活动的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：该地区闪电次数的年差异较大,最多年份是最少年份的2倍多,闪电活动季节性特征非常明显,闪电主要集中在春末仲夏发生,呈现单峰值特征,4—8月是闪电高发期（约占全年总闪电活动的84.83%）。闪电活动的日变化表明,闪电峰值区集中在傍晚、午夜前后两个时段,闪电谷值区出现在09：00—12：00,夜雷暴多,这是与其他地区闪电日变化显著不同的地方。在对闪电次数进行了探测效率订正后,根据LIS注视时间,计算了闪电密度。西南地区闪电密度分布大体呈现：东部高,西部低;南部高,北部低。闪电密度较高、面积较大的高值中心位于中越交界的老山一带,非常明显的大片低发区主要位于西南西部地区。研究表明：西南地区闪电时空分布与当地的地形地势、水汽和地理环境条件等诸多因素有关。     

西藏中东部一次强雷暴天气过程的云图特征分析

利用FY-2C红外卫星云图图像和TBB资料,结合地面常规气象观测资料、地面和高空天气图及物理量资料等,运用天气分析诊断方法,对2008年6月28日—7月3日发生在西藏中东部地区的一次强降水雷暴过程的发生、发展和演变的环流特征、卫星云图特征和物理量场特征进行分析,并试图建立预报标准,形成预报思路和预报概念模型。结果表明：本次过程在FY-2C卫星云图、大尺度环流形势场和物理量场上都有明显的特征。TBB低值区、水汽条件、垂直散度场配置、高温高湿、层结不稳定是预报强雷暴天气的着眼点。TBB低值带与强降水雷暴的落区有很好的对应关系。暴雨的发生区往往是TBB的相对低值中心,雨带摆动及强度与TBB低值带的摆动和强度相一致。TBB≤-33℃,应注意强降水的预报。TBB≤-50℃,可能有暴雨出现。TBB≤-60℃,可能出现大暴雨并伴有雷暴天气。TBB≤-33℃的范围越大、强度越强,降水持续的时间越长、降水强度越强。     

Analysis of the Initial Stage Intracloud Lightning Using the Pulse Location Technique Based on the Fast Electric Field Change

Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029 2 Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000 3 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000 4 Nanjing University of Information Science＆Technology,Nanjing 210044
Using both fast and slow electric field change sensors and field mill,multi-station observations on lightning flashes over China inland plateau areas were conducted during the summer of 2004.All of the stations were synchronized by GPS with a time-resolution of±50 ns.Using the different time of arrival（DTOA）and based on the fast electric field change sensor,a lightning radiation location technique was developed.Radiation pulses in the initial stages of five intracloud（IC）lightning discharges which occurred on 20 August were analyzed.The results indicate that the technique developed could effectively locate the lightning radiation sources.Furthermore,the lightning discharges were compared with the Doppler radar data.The results show that the radiation sources were well associated with the storm development.When the storm was at the mature stage with an echo top of about 10.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 5.2 to 8.3 km above mean sea level;when the storm gradually became weaker,with echo top of about 7.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 3.0 to 5.9 km.In particular,one of the IC lightning discharges ranged from 3.0 to 4.9 km during the dissipation stage of the storm.The results also indicate that the radiation sources were closely associated with the high reflectivity region（25–50 dBZ）of the storm,which,to some extent,demonstrates the reliability of the location results,thereby showing that multi-station observations of fast electric field change sensors could be a useful tool for monitoring the storm development.Location errors from radiation sources were also compared with the radar data and the results of a simple simulation.It was found that the errors were getting smaller when the radiation sources approached the center of the detection network, and vice versa.Compared with the limited experimental observations,the simulation results were found capable of effectively reflecting the location errors.     

哈尔滨机场冷涡雷暴预报方法初探

本文通过用数值预报产品对冷涡雷暴分析,得出数值预报的形势场、抬升指数、K指数、垂直速度等,对提前预报冷涡雷暴有很好的指示作用。结合卫星云图、雷达回波图,能更好的监控冷涡雷暴的发展演变,为飞行安全提供有力保障。     

北京首都国际机场暖切初雷天气的特征分析

针对近两年北京首都国际机场的两次暖切初雷进行研究,总结预报经验,探讨预报的可行性,结果表明:1)两次暖切初雷中,500 h Pa高度层均有浅槽存在,且500 h Pa高度层的正涡度区到达本场附近的时间与雷雨发生时间一致,同时低层有较强的辐合抬升;2)从雷达图像来看,两次雷雨发生时,本场附近均存在明显的速度辐合,雷雨回波为局地生成;3)相当黑体温度(Black Body Temperature,TBB)越低,对流越旺盛,所以TBB等值线图可以用来推断对流的发展趋势;4)在雷雨发生时段,基于风云2号气象卫星的雷暴云指数值介于0~0.5之间,雷暴云指数的变化趋势可以较准确表征雷雨发生的时间。     

威海市雷暴特征分析

利用1971-2007年威海市气象观测月报表和1998-2007年山东省闪电定位监测网提供的闪电资料,对威海市雷暴分布特征及成因进行了分析。结果表明:威海市雷暴天气空间分布特征为雷暴的多发区集中在西部,并由中间的内陆地区向两侧的沿海地区减少;威海雷暴季节性变化明显,一年四季均有雷暴发生,但主要集中分布在5-9月,其中7月最严重;威海雷暴发生在午后至傍晚的最多,早上相对较少,雷电活动的峰值发生在14-20时,雷电的强盛期都出现在下午。     

华北一次冷涡背景下飑线雷暴大风成因分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面和高空观测资料、卫星和雷达资料等,对风暴系统在华北中部加强发展为飑线并产生地面大风的原因进行了分析。结果表明:①2017年8月5日,在冷涡影响下,华北中高层有干空气渗透,具有条件不稳定层结,11:00天津订正探空CAPE高达3184J·kg-1,且低层水汽充沛,有利于雷暴大风和湿对流的产生。②风暴出流边界与华北中部地面辐合线合并,且东南部地面露点更高,是飑线系统在华北中南部强烈发展的重要原因。③高温高湿环境使得风暴向南传播,在西偏北的引导气流作用下,最终风暴向南偏东方向移动。④北京探空0～6km垂直风切变达到3.3m·s-1·km-1,气流在前侧上升后侧下沉,强垂直运动与强垂直风切变作用产生了强旋转,使飑线系统初期具有中气旋特征。⑤中层强辐合和风暴顶辐散产生强下沉气流,地面最大风出现在中气旋发展阶段和冷池合并阶段。     

浅谈雷雨天气观测中应注意的几个问题

介绍观测员在雷雨天气观测时应注意的几个问题和应对措施。     

雷暴低空风切变中大雨对飞行的影响

分析了雷暴低空风切变中大雨滴冲击飞机的机身和机翼而引起的水平和垂直动量损失，估算了大雨累计在机身和机翼上的水膜厚度，并讨论了因遇到大雨雨滴冲撞而粗糙化的机体所产生的阻力。结果表明：雷暴低空风切变中大雨雨滴的冲击作用是明显的，被粗糙化的机体所产生的阻力能显著改变飞行轨迹，并能影响飞行安全；累计在机身和机翼上的水膜厚度造成的飞机质量的增加对飞行的影响可以忽略。     

Characteristics of Lightning Discharges and Electric Structure of Thunderstorm

Progresses in the research on physical processes of lightning discharge and electric structure of thunderstorm in the last decade in China have been reviewed. By using the self-developed lightning detecting and locating techniques with high temporal and spatial resolution, the characteristics and parameters of lightning discharge in some representative areas in China have been obtained. Observations on lightning activity were conducted for the first time in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in 2002-2005, and the special characteristics of the thunderstorm and lightning activity in the plateau were revealed. The lightning spectra in the band of visible light were recorded, and the spectral lines were identified in detail with introduction of modern theories of atomic structure. The techniques on artificially altitude triggered lightning and related measurements under a harsh electromagnetic environment have been well developed. Evidences of bi-directional leader propagation were observed by means of optics and VHF radiation during the triggered lightning discharges. Some lightning protection devices have been tested using the artificial lightning triggering techniques. In addition, the correlation between lightning activities and weather and climate was preliminarily studied.