水平定向钻孔在大佛寺煤矿瓦斯抽采中的优势探讨

煤矿井下水平定向钻孔在煤矿瓦斯抽采中具有明显的技术优势。通过对大佛寺煤矿常规钻孔工作面瓦斯治理技术的分析,指出了其中不足;经过对定向长钻孔钻进工艺、布孔技术进行分析以及通过大佛寺煤矿现场应用,得出定向长钻孔有利于实现工作面瓦斯区域集中抽采的结论;瓦斯抽采统计数据分析对比证明定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采效率要明显优于常规钻孔。     

江西玉山石煤烧结包裹与钒转化的研究

江西玉山含钒石煤既是低热值能源,又是一种新类型钒矿资源。为充分利用这种资源,在600～1150℃下进行了氧化培烧和钠化焙烧,测定了煤灰的松装密度d和钒转化率η,研究厂烧结包裹作用。结果表明:温度升高,煤灰烧结严重,对钒包裹几率加大,钒转化率降低。石煤作为能源利用时,燃烧温度不宜超过950℃,石煤钠化焙烧提钒最佳温度775℃。在两种焙烧条件下的石煤烧结机理作了探讨,并进一步得出玉山石煤烧结与包裹的关系式。     

Leaching requirement and salinity threshold for the yield and agronomic characteristics of halophytes under salt stress

An experiment was carried out at Nahshala Farm, north west of Al-Ain City, U.A.E. during the 1998–2000 growing seasons, using six halophytes (Batis maritima, Distichlis spicata, Juncus roemerianus, Paspalum vaginatum, Salicornia bigelovii and Spartina alterniflora) and two levels of leaching fraction (0·25 and 0·50) under three irrigation salinity levels (10, 20, and 40 gL⁻¹) in a randomized complete block design arranged in split plots. The purpose of the research was to apply the theory of crop salt tolerance on aboveground yields and agronomic characteristics of halophytes to determine their thresholds for salinity and to determine leaching requirements. The results indicated that the halophyte species tested can grow with minimum reduction in the growth potential at <20 gL⁻¹of mean salinity of soil solution. Leaching fraction (LF) of 0·25 at the highest salinity of irrigation water (40 gL⁻¹) was inadequate to attain the steady-state salt balance during the growth period, although the drainage salinity reached more than 90 g L⁻¹. Furthermore, if the same level of LF is used for longer period, soil salinity under this high salt treatment will continue to rise, and plant growth may deteriorate. Leaching fraction of 0·50 is preferable if salinity of irrigation water was more than 20 gL⁻¹and dry matter production is considered, although the amount of water use will be excessive     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠三元混养效益的实验研究

通过海水陆基围隔实验,研究了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)与青蛤(Cyclina senensis)、菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)投饵混养的适宜配比、经济效益和生态效益。实验结束时对虾的体重、成活率和净产量分别为5.30~6.12g,62.96%~78.21%和1 065.0~1 367.6kg.hm-2。青蛤体重和净产量分别为6.85~7.15g,和51~328kg.hm-2。菊花心江蓠净产量为3 900~9 380kg.hm-2。混养系统的经济效益和生态效益均优于对虾单养。在本实验条件下,混养系统的最佳结构为凡纳滨对虾30ind.m-2,青蛤30ind.m-2,菊花心江蓠200g.m-2;其N,P绝对利用率分别为52.94%和26.09%。     

甲烷水合物CO2置换开采研究现状与展望

天然气水合物广泛存在于海底沉积物和大陆永冻区,是一种潜在的能源资源。CO2置换法开采天然气水合物,不仅可以从水合物藏中开采出天然气,还能够使空气中的CO2以水合物的形式长期埋存于地下。本文从可行性、微观机理及影响因素等方面,总结了甲烷水合物CO2置换法开采的研究现状,论述了目前研究中存在的问题及不足,并对以后的研究工作提出了一些展望和建议。     

断裂输导在我国高效和中效聚集的大-中型气田形成中的作用

基于对我国53个大.中型气田生储盖组合类型及天然气运移输导类型的研究,认为生储盖组合类型决定了断裂是我国大一中型气田天然气运移的主要输导通道.通过这53个大,中型气田天然气聚集效率与其输导通道之间关系的剖析,发现被断裂输导的大一中型气田主要为高效和中效聚集的气田.这主要是由于断裂本身具有较强的输导能力,同时其输导时期与源岩大量排气期匹配关系好.利用断裂输导天然气的输导能力综合评价参数对我国44个大-中型气田断裂输导天然气能力进行了研究,提出我国要形成高效和中效聚集的大-中型气田的条件是：断裂输导天然气速度一般应大于0.47×10^-12m/s.     

空气反循环取样钻探技术应用于金矿勘查的地质效果对比研究

长期以来,由于地质方面对岩样认知的限制,空气反循环取样钻探技术（RC工艺）在我国矿产勘查中的应用并不广泛。本文根据RC工艺在云南鹤庆北衙金矿等矿区的试验情况,从找矿地质效果对比分析角度提出了一些认识。首先明确了此次RC工艺与常规岩心钻进工艺对比示范性应用试验的目的及试验内容;介绍了试验孔选取依据;从岩样收集与采样方法、岩样采取率、地层与矿层丢失情况、岩样获取地层的岩性及原生结构、推算岩层产状方面的准确性、岩心污染程度、计算矿品位的准确性等7个方面对比分析了RC工艺与常规岩心钻进工艺应用于金矿勘查的地质找矿效果;认为RC工艺具高效、低成本等施工优势,且在岩样代表性、岩心污染、矿品位等找矿效果方面优于常规岩心钻进。最后进一步指出了RC工艺目前应用于矿产勘查仍存在的一些问题,并提出相关建议。     

Financing climate adaptation with a credit mechanism: initial considerations

Climate mitigation credits have mobilized considerable resources for projects in developing countries, but similar funding to adapt to climate change has yet to emerge. The Copenhagen Accord targets up to US$50 billion per year in adaptation funding, but commitments to date have been trivial compared to what is needed. Although there are some studies and suggestions, it remains unclear where the money will come from and how it will be disbursed. Beyond this, many development experts believe that the main hurdle in climate adaptation is effective implementation. A framework, based on the polluter pays principle, is presented here regarding the mobilization of resources for adaptation in developing countries using market mechanisms. It is assumed that mitigation and adaptation are at least partly fungible in terms of long-term global societal costs and benefits, and that quantifying climate vulnerability reductions is possible at least sometimes. The scheme's benefits include significant, equitable and flexible capital flows, and improved and more efficient resource allocation and verification procedures that incentivize sustained project management. Challenges include overcoming political resistance to historical responsibility-based obligations and scepticism of market instruments, and, critically, quantifying climate impact costs and verifying investments for vulnerability reduction credits.     

Shoreline erosion: a cautionary note in using small farm dams to determine catchment erosion rates

Data from 10 small farm dams in SE Australia show that shoreline erosion due to farm livestock access to the dams can account for a significant proportion (up to 85%) of sediment contained in the dam. The volumes of sediment resulting from such shoreline erosion may be of the same order as the volumes produced by gully erosion in the dams' catchments, prompting caution in using farm dams to which livestock have access to determine small catchment erosion rates. Other issues, related to the trap efficiency, also mean that erosion estimates based on farm dam sedimentation should be treated with caution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.