双台子河口区水中重金属污染评价及其生态效应分析

对研究区的地表水、地下水以及海水分别采样，并进行重金属含量分析研究，参照有关标准进行了水中重金属污染评价，结果表明：地下水中基本上不存在重金属污染；各种水中不存在砷污染；镉污染相对比较普遍；在海水中，翅碱蓬退化与重金属铜、锌、铅、铬、镍的污染关系密切。     

Mountain hazards and the resilience of social–ecological systems: lessons learned in India and Canada

Mountain regions are subject to a variety of hazardous processes. Earthquakes, landslides, snow avalanches, floods, debris flows, epidemics and fires, among other processes, have caused injury, death, damage and destruction. They also face challenges from increased populations, and expansion and intensification of␣activities, land uses and infrastructure. The combination of a dynamic bio- geophysical environment and intensified human use has increased the vulnerability of mountain social–ecological systems to risk from hazards. The ability of social–ecological systems to build resilience in the context of hazards is an important factor in their long-term sustainability. The role of resilience building in understanding the impact of hazards in mountain areas is examined and illustrated, in part, through examples from Canada and India. Resilient social–ecological systems have the ability to learn and adjust, use all forms of knowledge, to self-organize and to develop positive institutional linkages with other social–ecological systems in the face of hazards. The analysis suggests that traditional social–ecological systems built resilience through avoidance, which was effective for localized hazards. The more recent development and implementation of cross-scale institutional linkages is shown to be a particularly effective means of resilience building in mountain social–ecological systems in the face of all hazards.     

道路建设的生态效应及对区域生态安全的影响

道路建设和路网的扩展影响着道路周边生态系统格局、结构和功能,其对区域生态安全的影响也受到了极大关注.从道路建设和道路网络本身的多尺度特征和所产生的生态效应入手,在分析了道路工程对土地利用影响的基础上,探讨了道路对区域生态安全的影响和道路的生态安全,指出道路景观尺度上的生态恢复是区域生态安全格局构建的合适尺度,并对道路工程的景观恢复途径做了进一步的探讨.     

基于层次分析的湿地公园对城市生态安全影响评价研究——以西安灞柳湿地公园为例

以西安灞柳湿地公园为例,在综合考虑湿地公园对城市生态安全影响的多种因素下,建立了湿地公园对城市生态安全影响评价指标体系,并以层次分析法为主要研究方法,通过建立加权求和定量评价模型,对西安灞柳城市湿地公园建成前后西安市的生态安全状况进行了定量分析和评价。结果表明,城市湿地公园的建立使西安市城市生态安全等级由建成前的相对不安全(0.646)提高为相对安全(0.665),这说明城市湿地公园在一定程度上对于所在城市的生态安全产生积极的影响,同时为进一步建设生态城市提供了新的思路。     

基于KJ法的艾比湖流域生态环境综合治理研究

将系统分析中的KJ法应用于新疆艾比湖流域生态环境的综合治理对策研究中。首先制作了59张包含与艾比湖生态环境治理相关的信息卡片,之后根据信息的亲近性将其分为5个大组,每个组内再进行细分,最后得到艾比湖流域生态环境问题综合治理的结构模型图,从管理体制建设和工程措施两方面归纳提炼出了具体治理对策。应用结果表明,KJ法能够充分体现群体的创造性思维并将之有序化,能很好地应用于包括生态系统在内的各种自然、社会、经济以及复合系统的综合集成研究中。     

景观格局与生态过程的耦合途径分析

景观生态学自诞生以来在理论和实践方面已经取得了众多进展, 然而在景观格局与生态 过程关系方面还有很多问题值得深入研究。本文阐述了景观格局和生态过程的有关概念和方法, 揭示了其中存在的一些问题和开展耦合研究的必要性, 进而总结了耦合研究的一般方法, 并在此 基础上提出了耦合研究的理论框架, 即以一定区域为依托和一定目标为导向进行土地单元或生 态系统类型划分, 通过土地评价和模型集成将小尺度观测研究和大尺度空间动态模拟相结合, 在 实现区域目标的基础上, 构建具有良好适应性的耦合模型系统。     

Simulation analysis on the regulation of overflow ecological water consumption in arid areas——A case study in the Canmrik ecological area of the mainstream zone of the Tarim River

After analyzing the regulation of overflow ecological water consumption in the Canmrik ecological area of mainstream zone of the Tarim River, in this paper a model of ecological bifurcation is developed, the dynamic overflow process of ecological bifurcation is simulated, and the quantitative relationships between the volume of ecological water consumption and the ecological conservation extent and overflow time are analyzed using GIS, advance of freshet and RS means. The results reveal that the effects of discharge and time of ecological bifurcation on the efficiency of ecological water consump-tion are significant, there is a geometrical exponential relationship between the efficiency of ecological bifurcation and the water supply with different discharges and different times under the same eco-logical water consumption, hypsography plays an important role in ecological water consumption, the regulation of ecological water consumption cannot be equated with the ordinary farming irrigation system, a serious water waste will result and the prospective ecological benefits will not be able to be achieved if an ordinary ecological bifurcation is implemented. The efficiency of ecological water con-sumption can be increased by 30% by selecting the bifurcation schemes in an optimized way, which is of the utmost importance for arid areas with shortage of water resources.     

Environmental impacts of household appliances in Europe and scenarios for their impact reduction

Assessing the environmental impact due to consumption of goods and services is a pivotal step towards achieving the sustainable development goal related to responsible production and consumption (i.e. SDG 12). Household appliances plays a crucial role and should be assessed in a systemic manner, namely considering all life cycle stages, technological efficiency, and affluence aspects. The present study assess the impact of such household appliances used in Europe, and tests scenarios of potential impact reduction at various scales. Life cycle assessment is applied to 14 different household appliances (ranging from dishwashers to television devices) selected to build a set of representative products, based on their economic value and diffusion in households in Europe. Related impacts are calculated with the Environmental Footprint method for calculating a Consumer Footprint “appliances” for the baseline year 2010. A number of scenarios encompassing eco-solutions on a technical level, changes in consumption pattern, behavioral changes, as well as the combination of all these aspects are run to estimate the Consumer Footprint related to household appliances for the year 2030, compared against this baseline scenario. The baseline Consumer Footprint is confirming the importance of the use phase in leading the impacts in almost all impact categories. Testing different scenarios concludes that there is a reduction of the impact for most of the categories (with up to 67% for the ozone depletion potential, and still around 35% for the global warming potential), while two of the here examined impact categories (i.e. land-use and mineral resource depletion) show an overall potential that is even negative – i.e. the results of all scenarios are higher than the ones of the 2010 baseline scenario. The increase in purchase and use of such appliances may offset energy efficiency benefits in some of the examined categories. Hence, the assessment of sustainability of appliances consumption should always include several scales, from the efficiency of the products (micro scale), to the improvement of the energy mix (meso scale), up to accounting for socio-economic drivers and patterns of consumption affecting the overall appliances stock (macro scale).     

土地整理的生态环境建设问题研究

在对土地整理与生态环境建设基本内涵及意义简要介绍的基础上,阐述了土地整理对生态环境的效应。为了减少土地整理带来的负效应,提出了加强土地整理规划的景观生态设计、强化土地整理资金筹措的市场机制、加强土地整理生态环境影响评价的研究、加强土地整理施工的生态设计、完善土地整理项目的管理制度等5项土地整理的生态环境建设措施。     

灰色系统GM(1,1)模型在预测汾河水库淤积中的应用

在分析汾河水库降水、来水及淤积特性的基础上,运用灰色系统理论建立了汾河水库淤积灰色模型,并对汾河水库的淤积量进行了预测,结果表明,汾河水库在未来10 a内淤积量将进一步减少,表明第一期水保措施发挥了明显的作用,并提出了相应的保护措施,为汾河水库的开发利用提供了可靠依据.