Development of Emission Models and Improvement of Emission Data for Germany

Measurements and model developments with the objective to improve the quality and resolution of estimations of anthropogenic emissions are described. Measurement results on a chassis dynamometer were used to determine VOC profiles for exhaust gas emissions of passenger cars for different vehicle and fuel types and different driving modes. Further measurements resulted in emission factors and VOC profiles for lignite burning in residential stoves. Using remote sensing techniques benzene emission factors of gas stations and the efficiency of gasoline vapour recovery systems were measured.To improve the quality and the spatial and temporal resolution of emission data, emission models were improved or modified. This was done by elaborating and applying new methods for important emission source categories (e.g., solvent use, road traffic, small combustion) as well as including new data sources in the calculation routines (e.g. emission statements, land use data, import/export indices of solvents). Simultaneously considerable progress was made improving temporal and spatial allocation functions and VOC profiles. With these improvements a large number of anthropogenic emission data sets for 14 different grid projections in Germany and Europe have been generated. An emission scenario for Germany for 2010 suggests that considering air quality directives from the EU and Germany which are in force or in pipeline, German emissions of VOC and NO_x will decrease, but still exceed the national emission ceilings of the EU-NEC directive.     

庆阳一次强暴雨天气过程雷达回波特征

通过对2006年7月8日庆阳市1次强暴雨天气过程雷达回波资料的分析,得出在高空切变线影响下形成的强对流暴雨天气的雷达强度回波、速度回波和物理量产品中的主要特征与冰雹天气的差别并不明显,但天气现象差别较大,降水强度大,容易致灾;强雷暴特别活跃,容易发生雷击。因此在预报服务中应当引起重视,可以采取人工影响的方式降低其强度,减轻灾害损失。     

2009-08-17山东特大暴雨雷达回波及地形作用分析

利用常规、非常规资料对2009年8月17—18日山东省出现的特大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：＂8.17＂特大暴雨主要出现在西风槽东移、副高南退时的副高西北侧边缘,对流有效位能（CAPE）等热力环境指数对鲁南强降水有较强的反应能力。降水分布具有典型的地形影响特征,复杂山地地形对降水有显著增幅作用和对对流系统传播的阻碍作用。存在低空急流和列车效应,强回波维持时间较长是费县出现强降水的重要原因,较强的偏南气流、湿度层深厚是费县出现特大暴雨的根本原因。地形影响气流理论很好地解释了山东＂8.17＂特大暴雨降水分布,费县特殊地形对特大暴雨有很大贡献。雷达资料可以弥补常规观测的不足;地形对强降雨及其分布有重要影响。     

Single-Doppler Radar Observations of a High Precipitation Supercell Accompanying the 12 April 2003 Severe Squall Line in Fujian Province

In this study,single Doppler radar data were used to examine the structure and evolution of a high precipitation(HP) supercell embedded in a cold front near Jianyang,Fujian Province on 12 April 2003.The synoptic environment was characterized by high humidity at low levels,moderate CAPE(convective available potential energy;1601 J kg~(-1)),moderate wind shear(22 m s~(-1) in 0-5 km),and veering of the horizontal winds with height,similar to those HP supercells previously observed in midlatitudes.In additio...     

沈阳一次局地大暴雨过程中逆风区的回波演变

利用沈阳CINRAD/SA多普勒天气雷达观测资料及加密自动站资料等,对2009年7月11日发生在沈阳西部的中尺度大暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明：雷达1.5°仰角PPI图上有逆风区存在,逆风区出现的时间要比强降水出现的时间早10 min以上,强降水区与逆风区、强回波区、VIL值的大值区有较好的对应关系,逆风区的出现对强对流天气的预报预警有指示作用。     

冰雹云雷达识别方法及防雹作业经验

总结了辽宁省40余年人工防雹工作积累的成果和经验,归纳了3种类型冰雹云的雷达回波特征以及利用回波形态、回波参量和综合指标对其进行雷达识别的方法,并结合冰雹云数值模拟结果,总结了对具有液态水累积区的雹云、对超级单体冰雹云和对多单体冰雹云实施人工防雹作业的一些经验,对于各地的科学防雹作业具有参考作用。     

上海局地强对流天气及临近预报要点

借助上海多普勒雷达存储的强天气个例资料,结合上海地区的综合观测网,对上海地区局地强对流天气的天气形势特征及雷达回波发展特点进行了分类.比较发现,回波源地在上海北部地区的占多数,与地面弱切变线的关系非常密切;从初始回波到回波旺盛约经历1个小时;回波的上风向位置容易得到发展;200hPa的风向对回波的发展趋势也有明显的影响.一般而言,西北风不利于回波的快速移动,而在西南风的情况下,回波移动往往会比较快;低层风的大小对回波移动和雷雨大风的形成至关重要.     

Gust Front Statistical Characteristics and Automatic Identification Algorithm for CINRAD

Gust front is a kind of meso-and micro-scale weather phenomenon that often causes serious ground wind and wind shear. This paper presents an automatic gust front identification algorithm. Totally 879 radar volume-scan samples selected from 21 gust front weather processes that occurred in China between 2009 and 2012 are examined and analyzed. Gust front echo statistical features in reflectivity, velocity, and spectrum width fields are obtained. Based on these features, an algorithm is designed to recognize gust fronts and generate output products and quantitative indices. Then, 315 samples are used to verify the algorithm and 3 typical cases are analyzed. Major conclusions include： 1） for narrow band echoes intensity is between 5 and 30 dBZ, widths are between 2 and 10 km, maximum heights are less than 4 km （89.33%are lower than 3 km）, and the lengths are between 50 and 200 km. The narrow-band echo is higher than its surrounding echo. 2） Gust fronts present a convergence line or a wind shear in the velocity field;the frontal wind speed gradually decreases when the distance increases radially outward. Spectral widths of gust fronts are large, with 87.09% exceeding 4 m s-1 . 3） Using 315 gust front volume-scan samples to test the algorithm reveals that the algorithm is highly stable and has successfully recognized 277 samples. The algorithm also works for small-scale or weak gust fronts. 4） Radar data quality has certain impact on the algorithm.     

珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及环境条件分析

利用常规观测、自动气象站、多普勒雷达等资料分析珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及其产生的环境条件。结果表明:台风龙卷发生在6—10月,时间多为10—20时,出现在台风登陆后1.3～21.3 h的时段内;多数龙卷位于台风中心的东北象限,台风中心在广东湛江一广西东南部或北部湾附近时是珠江三角洲龙卷发生的高风险期。高层辐散、低层辐合及中低空强东南急流在珠江口附近叠加是龙卷产生的有利环流背景。强或弱龙卷环境条件的共同特征为低抬升凝结高度、强深层和低层垂直风切变及较大风暴相对螺旋度(SRH),主要差异是强龙卷的深层和低层垂直风切变与SRH更大;相似台风路径下,有/无龙卷环境条件的明显差异在于0～1 km低层垂直风切变和SRH,两值越大出现超级单体或中气旋的可能性越大,龙卷发生概率也就越高。台风龙卷风暴母体属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴;低层有强或中等强度中气旋,有时强中气旋中心伴有龙卷涡旋特征(TVS);龙卷出现在钩状回波顶端或TVS附近。与西风带超级单体龙卷相比,台风龙卷中气旋的尺度更小、垂直伸展高度更低。     

云对地基微波辐射计反演湿度廓线的影响

利用中国气象局大气探测试验基地的L波段探空数据和微波辐射计观测数据,采用MonoRTM辐射传输模型作为正演亮温模型,BP (back propagation) 神经网络作为反演工具,在由亮温反演大气湿度廓线的过程中,添加与样本匹配的云底高度和云厚度信息,建立新的反演模型,使新反演模型得到的反演湿度廓线和未添加云信息的反演湿度廓线分别与探空数据进行对比,获取两种反演方法各高度层的均方根误差,分析云信息对反演大气湿度廓线的影响。对比结果表明:未添加云信息时,测试样本的反演湿度廓线与探空廓线的相关系数平均值为0.685,而添加云信息后,相关系数平均值为0.805。相比未添加云信息的反演廓线,添加云信息之后多数高度层的均方根误差均有不同程度减小,而在有云以上高度层表现尤为明显。