海洋分层介质中雷电电流源的水平辐射电场传播特征研究

随着我国海洋战略的持续推进,海上各类固定及移动的工作平台均需进行更加有效的雷电防护。海上防雷工作中深入了解雷电电流源水平辐射电场(Er),在海洋分层介质中的传播特性则是一项十分重要的工作。本文就能够对海上设施产生较大影响的地闪进行研究,因此选取具有代表性的正地闪首次回击电流源(PS)及Nucci电流源(TLS),通过时域的方法对两种雷电电流源的水平辐射电场在由空气、海水及洋壳所组成的海洋分层介质中的传播特征进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)在海面及其以上的高度(h≥0 m),当距雷电电流源水平距离r=0 m时,两种雷电电流源产生的Er均为正值;其中PS产生的Er是随时间呈对数增加,而TLS的则随时间呈单峰正偏态分布;当r0 m时,两种雷电电流源产生的Er与r=0 m时的基本呈反位相。(2)当r=0 m,h介于0~50 m及100~500 m之间,PS于雷电发生后10μs的Er值则分别介于3.273 3×10~6~1.177 1×10~7v/m及1.035 1×10~7~1.155 3×10~7v/m之间,而TLS的Er峰值则分别为9.274 7×10~5~2.887 6×10~6v/m及2.688 7×10~6~2.854 2×10~6v/m之间。(3)当h=10 m,r介于50~500 m之间,PS于10μs的Er值则介于-1.1216×104~-7.027 9 v/m之间,而TLS的Er峰值则介于-2.478 4×10~3~1.385 9 v/m之间;当h=10 m,r=1 000 m时,TLS的Er峰值为9.482 6 v/m。(4)在海面以下(h0 m),r介于50~1 000 m之间,两种雷电电流源的Er主要为正,且随时间均呈单峰正偏态分布;当h=-5 m及-10 m时,PS与TLS的Er值于两个深度的差分别介于5~53 v/m与2~28 v/m之间。     

Estimating sediment transport from acoustic measurements in the Venice Lagoon inlets

This paper presents the results of a 3-year-long (November 2004–November 2007) study based on the use of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) to estimate the solid transport through the three inlets of Venice lagoon. In each of the three inlets instruments were mounted both on survey boats and deployed on the channel bed. The three bottom-mounted ADCPs were positioned in the central part of the inlets, continuously monitoring vertical profiles in the water column. Periodic transects along the investigated sections were collected by the boat-mounted ADCP. Both installations measured current speed and acoustic backscatter intensity. The latter expresses the attenuation of acoustic energy due to material in the water column.     

2004年11月磁暴期间环电流的演化过程——TC-2卫星中性原子成像仪观测结果

本文通过对TC-2卫星上搭载的中性原子成像仪(NUADU)在2004年11月发生的一次大磁暴期间观测到的一系列中性原子(ENA)图像的分析,试图给出环电流在磁暴期间的演化模式.研究表明,南向的行星际磁场(IMF)分量在离子从磁尾向内磁层注入和随后的环电流增长过程中起着关键的作用.IMF转为北向后,离子注入随即很快停止.在离子注入增强期间,离子的漂移路径是开放的,以致大量环电流离子从黄昏侧注入后快速地损失在黄昏至正午的磁层顶.所以,环电流往往在离子漂移路径从开放变为封闭后才达到最大强度,而不是在这之前,尽管那时的离子注入强度更大.在该磁暴主相期间,离子注入发生在17∶00~22∶00 LT范围内,形成极其不对称的环电流分布形态.而在恢复相期间,由于受大的IMF B_y分量的影响,离子注入区的地方时分布范围东向扩张.对称环电流在磁尾对流减小、离子漂移路径变为封闭形态之后形成.在磁暴恢复相后期,从ENA图像看环电流基本衰减到平静时期的水平,而Dst指数仍然显示较强的磁扰动,这说明越尾电流对Dst指数有很重要的影响.     

考虑相邻结构影响的土-结构动力相互作用研究综述

对相邻结构动力相互作用(DCI)的研究历史与现状作了回顾和介绍,将其发展过程分为三个阶段,并对各时期发展的主要内容和特点进行了概述,最后对该领域今后的研究趋势作了分析。     

Combined effect of rheology and confining boundaries on spreading of gravity currents in porous media

One-dimensional flows of gravity currents within horizontal and inclined porous channels are investigated combining theoretical and experimental analysis to evaluate the joint effects of channel shape and fluid rheology. The parameter $\beta$ governs the shape of the channel cross section, while the fluid rheology is characterised by a power-law model with behaviour index n. Self-similar scalings for current length and height are obtained for horizontal and inclined channels when the current volume increases with time as $t^{\alpha }$.For horizontal channels, the interplay of model parameters $\alpha \text{,}n$, and $\beta$ governs the front speed, height, and aspect ratio of the current (ratio between the average height and the length). The dependency is modulated by two critical values of $\alpha \text{,}{\alpha }_{\beta }=n/(n+1)$ and ${\alpha }_n=(2\beta +1)/\beta$. For all channel shapes, ${\alpha }_{\beta }$ discriminates between currents whose height decreases ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) or increases ($\alpha >{\alpha }_{\beta }$) with time at a particular point. For all power-law fluids, ${\alpha }_n$ discriminates between decelerated currents, with time-decreasing aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$), and accelerated currents, with time-increasing aspect ratio ($\alpha >{\alpha }_n$). Only currents with time-decreasing height ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) and aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$) respect model assumptions asymptotically; the former constraint is more restrictive than the latter.For inclined channels, a numerical solution in self-similar form is obtained under the hypothesis that the product of the channel inclination $\theta$ and the slope of the free-surface is much smaller than unity; this produces a negligible error for $\theta >2°$, and is acceptable for $\theta >0.5°$. The action of gravity in inclined channels is modulated by both the behaviour index n and the shape factor $\beta$. For constant flux, the current reaches at long times a steady state condition with a uniform thickness profile. In steep channels and for sufficiently long currents, the free-surface slope becomes entirely negligible with respect to channel inclination, and the constant thickness profile depends only on n.Theoretical results are validated by comparison with experiments (i) in horizontal and inclined channels with triangular or semicircular cross-section, (ii) with different shear-thinning fluids, and (iii) for constant volume and constant flux conditions. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions in the long-time regime.Our analysis demonstrates that self-similar solutions are able to capture the essential long-term behaviour of gravity currents in porous media, accounting for diverse effects such as non-Newtonian rheology, presence of boundaries, and channel inclination. This provides a relatively simple framework for sensitivity analysis, and a convenient benchmark for numerical studies.     

大地等效电容量及其测量方法

在脉冲供电和正弦交流供电地电阻率观测研究中, 大地容性效应会引起测量误差。 本文按照电子学等效电路的方法提出了大地等效电容量的概念, 研究了大地等效电容量的测量方法, 为合理确定脉冲供电参数和减小交流地电阻率测量误差奠定了基础。     

钱塘江双向声传播测流实验研究

2009年4月和5月在钱塘江杭州段进行了双向声传播测流实验.两个声信号发送与接收站设置在钱塘江两岸,间距为3050 m.在声传播实验期间,沿着声传播路径还进行了12次走航ADP(Acoustic Doppler Profiler)流速观测.根据双向声传播的顺逆流传播时间差计算得到沿声传播路径的平均流速,与ADP走航观测结果基本一致,两者的均方差为0.03 m/s.通过ADP走航期间双向声传播时间差的平均值和ADP走航观测所得断面流量之间的线性关系,得到了整个观测期间断面流量的时间序列.实验较好地捕捉到了因钱塘江涌潮而引起的流量变化,流量的最小值为 -3406 m³/s,最大为3509 m³/s.第一和第二实验阶段钱塘江的净流量分别为1329 m³/s和979 m³/s.以上结果表明用双向声传播测流方法可实现对河道流速和流量连续的监测.     

黄土高原沟壑区苹果基地退果还耕的生态水分效应

近年来,黄土高原沟壑区许多果园已经退化,需要重新退果还耕,但其生态水分效应尚不明了。以陕西长武县王东沟小流域典型果园为对象,选取了盛果期果园、退化果园和退果还耕等3种土地利用方式,分析1986、2002和2009年三期土壤水分数据,研究退化果园还耕的生态水分效应。结果表明:退化果园和退果还耕地的平均含水量和土壤储水量显著高于同期的盛果期果园。果园退化后废弃和退果还耕,土壤水分会得到部分恢复。当土地利用从盛果期果园变化为耕地后,在200~600cm土层,其土壤平均含水量(10.62%)显著高于盛果期果园(8.53%)。生物利用型土壤干层仍然是盛果期果园、退化果园和退果还耕地尚待急需解决的严重的生态问题。     

北方土石山区坡耕地水土保持措施的 空间有效配置

坡耕地是北方土石山区水土流失的重要策源地,为了有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地持续利用,分析了不同水土保持措施在坡耕地上的适用范围,研究结果显示,耕作措施的水土保持效益随着坡度的增加而降低,在0°~6°的坡度范围内水土保持效果最佳;坡改梯工程的适用范围广泛,水土保持效益稳定,但在陡坡上实施坡改梯工程的难度和成本将显著增加,维护费用高,且土地的损失量大,不宜在土地资源紧张的贫困山区大面积推广;植物篱措施的水土保持效益受坡度的限制性小,在25°以下的坡地上都能收到良好的水土保持效果,且投资少,适合在在广大贫困山区使用。因此,根据北方土石山区的坡耕地的特点及不同水土保持措施最佳适用范围,坡耕地被划分为4个坡度范围分别进行水土保持措施的优化配置,即0°~5°平地及浅丘地采取以耕作措施为主进行治理,5°~15°缓中坡耕地采用以梯田措施为主、植物篱措施为辅进行治理,15°~25°的坡耕地采用植物篱措施为主进行治理,25°以上坡耕地必须退耕还林还草。     

Fractal on Particle Movement in Storm Steady Current Field of the Permian in Xingwen World Geopark

The particle is not the continuous but fractal medium.It has a diverse scale from several to angstroms.Through different density function of the particle system,mutual influences among factors can be get;especially in the micro aspect,fractal dimension of particle radius distribution influences the system and has a significance to denote the fluidity of the particle.The influences among the particle size,spatial coordinates,density(or concentration) and time are analyzed theoretically and numerically.According to first-grade reaction diffusion model of fractal medium DLK model,the movement of the Brown particle and thermodynamics theory of mechanics can be popularized to the storm current field and gets Γ(t)-D model.