低空急流识别及急流轴自动绘制方法研究

低空急流对强对流天气的预报有重要意义。针对目前低空急流主要由手工绘制,存在效率低、易受主观因素影响的问题,本文基于MICAPS高空全要素填图数据中的探空站风场信息,提出了一种低空急流自动识别及急流轴自动绘制算法。算法从急流轴定义出发,依次从风速、风向、探空站分布、中轴线位置等多个角度对低空急流轴进行检测。经过传递闭包聚类、急流轴关键点提取、不同风向急流轴关键点归并、急流轴平滑等步骤,实现了低空急流自动识别及急流轴的自动绘制。测试表明,在识别的基础上自动绘制的急流轴具有位置准确、形态自然、能完整反映急流水汽输送路径、适应复杂环境低空急流等特点。在291组测试数据中未发现空报,准确击中率达到94.96%。     

遵义市冬末初春两次寒潮降雪天气过程对比分析

利用Micaps常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、区域站加密观测资料,对遵义市2016年3月8—9日(过程Ⅰ)和2017年2月21—22日(过程Ⅱ)的两次寒潮降雪天气过程进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)500 h Pa横槽转竖和低槽东移是两次寒潮爆发的重要引导系统,过程Ⅰ属于横槽转竖型寒潮天气过程,过程Ⅱ寒潮属小槽发展型。(2)地面冷高压中心强度(冷源)及南下速度是预报寒潮的关键。(3)700 h Pa切变影响与降雪时段对应较好,在今后降雪预报中应作为重要影响系统加以关注。(4)湿层深厚,整层水汽含量高为降雪的显著特征。(5)有无融化层和融化层厚薄应作为降雪预报温度条件的关注重点。     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LOW-LEVEL JET STREAMS IN NANJING AREA BASED ON WIND PROFILER DATA

In order to understand the activity characteristics of low-level jets in the Nanjing area, statistical analysis and comparative study are carried out on their monthly and diurnal variations, characteristics of their cores and accompanying weather conditions using wind profile data in 2005—2008 collected by two wind profilers. The results show that low-level jets have significant monthly and diurnal variations. They occur more frequently in spring and summer than in autumn and winter and are more active in early morning and at night, with the maximum wind speed usually occurring at midnight. The central part of the low-level jet occurs mainly at the height of less than 1400 meters, and the enhancement of central speed is beneficial to the appearance of precipitation. Meanwhile, when the low-level jet appears in summer, it helps cause heavy rain. The statistical results of the boundary wind profiler are well consistent with those of the tropospheric wind profiler. Two kinds of wind profilers also have the capability of continuously detecting the development of low-level jets.     

钻孔灌注桩与喷射注浆组合支护结构

提出采用钻孔灌注桩与喷射注浆的组合形式作为深基坑的支护结构,该种组合支护结构具有防渗效果好,施工速度快,造价低等优点,是一种很有发展前任的新型支持结构。     

变形岩体软弱破裂带的处理技术

在研究完成变形岩体软弱破裂带可灌性的基础上,采用旋喷注浆技术进行直接加固处理,提高破裂带的内聚力和内摩擦角,实践证明,抑制了岩体的变表,防止了滑坡的产生。     

Evaluating a process‐based model for use in streambank stabilization: insights on the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM)

Streambank retreat is a complex cyclical process involving subaerial processes, fluvial erosion, seepage erosion, and geotechnical failures and is driven by several soil properties that themselves are temporally and spatially variable. Therefore, it can be extremely challenging to predict and model the erosion and consequent retreat of streambanks. However, modeling streambank retreat has many important applications, including the design and assessment of mitigation strategies for stream revitalization and stabilization. In order to highlight the current complexities of modeling streambank retreat and to suggest future research areas, this paper reviewed one of the most comprehensive streambank retreat models available, the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM), which has recently been integrated with several popular hydrodynamic and sediment transport models including the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS). The objectives of this paper were to: (i) comprehensively review studies that have utilized BSTEM and report their findings, (ii) address the limitations of the model so that it can be applied appropriately in its current form, and (iii) suggest directions of research that will help make the model a more useful tool in future applications. The paper includes an extensive overview of peer reviewed studies to guide future users of BSTEM. The review demonstrated that the model needs further testing and evaluation outside of the central United States. Also, further development is needed in terms of accounting for spatial and temporal variability in geotechnical and fluvial erodibility parameters, incorporating subaerial processes, and accounting for the influence of riparian vegetation on streambank pore‐water pressure dynamics, applied shear stress, and erodibility parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of soil factors controlling ephemeral gully erosion on agricultural fields

The soil factor is crucial in controlling and properly modeling the initiation and development of ephemeral gullies (EGs). Usually, EG initiation has been related to various soil properties (i.e. sealing, critical shear stress, moisture, texture, etc.); meanwhile, the total growth of each EG (erosion rate) has been linked with proper soil erodibility. But, despite the studies to determine the influence of soil erodibility on (ephemeral) gully erosion, a universal approach is still lacking. This is due to the complex relationship and interactions between soil properties and the erosive process. A feasible soil characterization of EG erosion prediction on a large scale should be based on simple, quick and inexpensive tests to perform. The objective of this study was to identify and assess the soil properties – easily and quickly to determine – which best reflect soil erodibility on EG erosion. Forty‐nine different physical–chemical soil properties that may participate in establishing soil erodibility were determined on agricultural soils affected by the formation of EGs in Spain and Italy. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and in the field (in the vicinity of the erosion paths). Because of its importance in controlling EG erosion, five variables related to antecedent moisture prior to the event that generated the gullies and two properties related to landscape topography were obtained for each situation. The most relevant variables were detected using multivariate analysis. The results defined 13 key variables: water content before the initiation of EGs, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, relative sealing index, two granulometric and organic matter indices, seal permeability, aggregates stability (three index), crust penetration resistance, shear strength and an erodibility index obtained from the Jet Test erosion apparatus. The latter is proposed as a useful technique to evaluate and predict soil loss caused by EG erosion. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mesocosm experiments identifying hotspots of groundwater upwelling in a water column by fibre optic distributed temperature sensing

Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can substantially impact ecosystem characteristics and functions. Fibre optic distributed temperature sensing (FO‐DTS) has been successfully used to locate groundwater discharge into lakes and rivers at the sediment–water interface, but locating groundwater discharge would be easier if it could be detected from the more accessible water surface. So far, it is not clear if how and under which conditions the LGD signal propagates through the water column to the water surface–atmosphere interface, and what perturbations and signal losses occur along this pathway. In the present study, LGD was simulated in a mesocosm experiment. Under winter conditions, water with temperatures of 14 to 16 °C was discharged at the bottom of a 10 × 2.8‐m mesocosm. Water within this mesocosm ranged from 4.0 to 7.4 °C. Four layers (20, 40, 60, and 80 cm above the sediment) of the 82 cm deep mesocosm were equipped with FO‐DTS for tracing thermal patterns in the mesocosm. Aims are (a) to test whether the positive buoyancy of relatively warm groundwater imported by LGD into shallow water bodies allows detection of LGD at the lake's water surface–atmosphere interface by FO‐DTS, (b) to analyse the propagation of the temperature signal from the sediment‐water interface through the water column, and (c) to learn more about detectability of the signal under different discharge rates and weather conditions. The experiments supported the benchmarking of scale dependencies and robustness of FO‐DTS applications for measuring upwelling into aquatic environments and revealed that weather conditions can have important impacts on the detection of upwelling at water surface–atmosphere interfaces at larger scales.     

王家官庄旧村改造基坑支护设计与施工实践

介绍了青岛市即墨区王家官庄旧村改造项目基坑支护设计方案与基坑支护实施情况,该工程地层条件复杂,地下水丰富,又靠近石鹏水库,环境条件较复杂,通过采用土钉墙与高压旋喷桩止水帷幕,基坑降水等技术措施的顺利实施,基坑支护效果良好,确保了地下车库基坑开挖、基础施工的安全,施工质量满足相关技术要求。     

提高地浸钻孔出水量的有效技术措施

地浸钻孔是一种以采矿为目的的钻孔,提高钻孔出水量就是提高钻孔的采矿量。通过对多年地浸钻孔施工经验和理论进行分析,发现影响钻孔出水量的主要因素为钻井泥浆的成分和性能以及人工过滤层的渗透性差异,提出在地浸钻孔施工方案中采用植物胶净化泥浆钻进和扩孔、投砾罐射吸式填砾、物理化学组合洗井3种技术措施,对比前后施工钻孔的出水量大小,证明了该技术措施对提高地浸钻孔出水量具有良好的效果。