青奥开幕式期间南京地区浅层对流成因及逆向移动特征分析

利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、多普勒雷达资料及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,针对第二届青年奥运会开幕式期间形成发展于对流层低层偏东气流中的对流引发南京局地短时强降水天气进行了分析,探讨了低层偏东气流中浅层弱对流的形成机制、降水期间伴随在降水云系中逆向移动的两类对流单体的雷达特征和移动原因。结果表明,降水期间,南京上空对流层低层维持偏东风,中层以上则为西南风,两者之间的过渡区对应一干层,该干层由对流层中层的一支偏北气流携至的干空气形成,叠置于对流层低层较浅薄偏东暖湿气流之上,促进了对流层中低层对流不稳定层结的发展。地面风场扰动形成的局地辐合及地面非锋性斜压带激发了对流层低层偏东气流中对流的形成。镶嵌于降水回波中逆向移动的两类对流单体结构差异明显,两类对流单体质心高度、垂直伸展厚度与所在高度层中所盛行的背景风场决定了对流单体的传播与移动。     

Investigation of three‐dimensional wind flow behaviour over coastal dune morphology under offshore winds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and ultrasonic anemometry

The behaviour of offshore‐directed winds over coastal dune and beach morphology was examined using a combination of modelling (3‐D computational fluid dynamics (CFD)) and field measurement. Both model simulations and field measurements showed reversal of offshore flows at the back beach and creation of an onshore sediment transport potential. The influence of flow reversals on the beach‐dune transport system and foredune growth patterns has previously received little attention. Detailed wind flow measurements were made using an extensive array of mast‐mounted, 3‐D ultrasonic anemometers (50 Hz), arranged parallel to the dominant incident wind direction. Large eddy simulation (LES) of the offshore wind flow over the dune was conducted using the open‐source CFD tool openFOAM. The computational domain included a terrain model obtained by airborne LiDAR and detailed ground DGPS measurements. The computational grid (~22 million cells) included localized mesh refinement near the complex foredune terrain to capture finer details of the dune morphology that might affect wind flows on the adjacent beach. Measured and simulated wind flow are presented and discussed. The CFD simulations offer new insights into the flow mechanics associated with offshore winds and how the terrain steering of wind flow impacts on the geomorphological behaviour of the dune system. Simulation of 3‐D wind flows over complex terrain such as dune systems, presents a valuable new tool for geomorphological research, as it enables new insights into the relationship between the wind field and the underlying topography. The results show that offshore and obliquely offshore winds result in flow reversal and onshore directed winds at distances of up to 20 m from the embryo dune toe. The potential geomorphological significance of the findings are discussed and simple calculations show that incoming offshore and obliquely offshore winds with mean velocities over 13 m s^?1 and 7 m s^?1, respectively, have the potential to create onshore‐directed winds at the back beach with mean velocities above 3.3 m s^?1. These are above the threshold of movement for dry sand and support previous conclusions about the significance of offshore winds in dune and beach budget calculations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2011年1月九江地区暴雪过程的流场特征及强回波成因分析

利用九江、南昌多普勒天气雷达资料和常规气象观测资料及0.5°×0.5°的NCEP再分析资料,对2011年1月19-20日九江地区的暴雪天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:南支槽前强盛的西南暖湿气流沿低层东北冷回流在长江流域形成的冷垫爬升是暴雪产生的动力机制;高低空急流的耦合作用形成次级环流,700 hPa以上正涡度平流和低层暖平流表明天气尺度上升运动较强;700 hPa等θ se线密集,表明锋区稳定维持.低层暖平流,中下层风速加强,急流中心降低,预示降雪回波将发展;低层暖平流结构转为冷平流漉场结构,预示降雪减弱.分析表明,本次过程没有强雷暴影响,回波异常增强不是由大水滴和霰雹等固态水凝物粒子造成,雪花下降经过0℃以上的暖层时表面融化,使雪花外裹了一薄层水膜,产生类似于大水滴的等同效果,从而出现了雷达图上反射率因子异常增强的现象;同时,中下层强的上升运动和凝结潜热释放的反馈机制可导致局部较强的反射率因子而产生强降雪.     

钟形地形动力抬升和重力波传播与地形云和降水形成关系研究

地形云和降水过程在区域水循环、水资源、生态环境及气候变化中具有十分重要的作用。本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF 数值模拟试验,以及通过引入表示大气层流速度、层结稳定度和地形特征的关系参数——湿Froude 数(F_w),研究了北京2009 年5 月1 日湿条件不稳定大气层结下,地形云和降水形成过程与地形动力抬升和地形重力波传播之间的关系及形成机理。研究表明,在地形最大高度2 km、半宽10 km 的条件下,层流速度从2.5 m/s 逐步增加到25 m/s 时,对应的湿F_w 数从0.19 增加到1.81。当F_w≤1 时,地形的阻挡起主要作用,由地形抬升形成的地形云主要产生在迎风坡一侧。地形重力波主要产生在迎风坡,并向上游传播,先形成层状云,最后演变为准稳定浅对流波状云。最大降水主要发生在紧靠山顶的迎风坡一侧,但当F_w 很小时,地形云不产生降水。当F_w>1 时,地形抬升形成的云主要发生在山顶附近,而地形重力波主要形成在背风坡,并向下游方向传播,形成准稳定波状云。最大降水主要产生在紧靠山顶的背风坡一侧。另外,在弱湿条件不稳定大气层流下,地形降水主要由地形动力抬升造成的暖云微物理过程产生,地形重力波形成的波状云几乎不产生降水。     

Impact of the Western Pacific Tropical Easterly Jet on Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific

Although it is well known that the tropical easterly jet(TEJ)has a significant impact on summer weather and climate over India and Africa,whether the TEJ exerts an important impact on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)remains unknown.In this study,we examined the impact of the TEJ on the interannual variability of TC genesis frequency over the WNP in the TC season(June-September)during 1980-2020.The results show a significant positive correlation between TC genesis frequency over the WNP and the jet intensity in the entrance region of the TEJ over the tropical western Pacific(in brief WP_TEJ),with a correlation coefficient as high as 0.66.The intensified WP_TEJ results in strong ageostrophic northerly winds in the entrance region and thus upper-level divergence to the north of the jet axis over the main TC genesis region in the WNP.This would lead to an increase in upward motion in the troposphere with enhanced low-level convergence,which are the most important factors to the increases in low-level vorticity,mid-level humidity and low-level eddy kinetic energy,and the decreases in sea level pressure and vertical wind shear in the region.All these changes are favorable for TC genesis over the WNP and vice versa.Further analyses indicate that the interannual variability of the WP_TEJ intensity is likely to be linked to the local diabatic heating over the Indian Ocean-western Pacific and the central Pacific El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation.     

辽宁黑山突发性局地特大暴雨中尺度对流条件和特征

利用常规和加密自动气象站观测资料、卫星和雷达探测资料以及NCEP再分析资料（1°×1°,6h）, 对2013年8 月15-16日辽宁黑山地区特大暴雨的中尺度对流条件和对流系统特征进行探讨。结果表明: 此次强降水由中-β尺度系统引起,短时大暴雨发生在能量舌边缘,地面偏东风和地形强迫抬升作用造成对流单体沿着山脉东侧生成、发展和移动,最终导致持续性对流性强降雨。东北低压冷锋前所激发的中尺度切变和涡旋触发了局地大暴雨。黑山地区上游有两个对流单体生成,向东移动合并影响该地区,移动方向前侧的斜升气流和低质心回波提高了降水效率。     

地形对包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系的影响

选择沙坡头铁路防护体系典型断面,利用野外风场观测与风洞模拟,讨论地形在道路防沙体系中的作用。结果表明,防护体系前沿栅栏沙丘下风向10倍沙丘高度的水平范围内,地表摩阻风速通常小于临界值;风速递减系数随防护距离的增大而增大,地形倾斜和起伏对贴地层风力减弱的贡献占防护体系风速削弱程度的43%。自流沙区至铁路路基,潜在输沙率迅速波动降低,其中地形变化使得防护体系内潜在输沙率降低50%以上。这表明,地形是沙坡头铁路防护体系发挥卓越功能的重要因素,栅栏沙丘已成为防护体系的重要构成部分。     

2010年2月24日沈阳地区冻雨成因分析

利用NCEP的全球数据同化系统（GDAS）1°×1°分析资料、NOAA的2.5°×2.5°全球格点资料和气象观测资料等,对2010年2月24日沈阳地区大范围冻雨灾害天气过程进行分析。结果表明：冻雨发生前期,沈阳地区的明显增温是导致大范围雨雪冰冻灾害的重要原因;925—750 hPa存在的t≥0℃温厚暖层是冻雨形成的必要条件;西南气流的建立有利于大量暖湿空气向东北地区输送,并决定了低温冰冻灾害发生的区域。中层温厚暖层的建立与破坏时间对冻雨的预报具有一定的指示意义。     

风向对半固定沙垄表面风速影响——以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

利用DETI可移动测风系统对古尔班通古特沙漠半固定沙垄表面风速进行实地观测,获取了主要风季不同风向条件下沙垄表面7个典型部位距离地表20 cm、40 cm、60 cm、100 cm和200 cm 5个高度的风速系列数据,系统研究风向对半固定沙垄表面坡面风速及风速廓线的影响。结果表明,迎风坡的气流加速和背风坡的风速降低现象在实际观测中得到证实,但受风向的影响甚大。垄顶风速放大率随入射角的增大呈指数关系递增,而背风坡风速占垄顶风速的比率则随入射角的增大呈线性关系递减。大角度入射气流速度变化主要受控于沙垄形态,小角度入射气流速度变化主要受控于地表植被状况。无论气流以何种角度入射,距沙垄表面20 cm高度气流的加速均较其他高度缓和。沙垄底部和坡中下部的风速廓线变化趋势基本一致,且呈较好的对数拟合关系;两坡中上部和垄顶部的对数拟合方程相关系数偏小;受回旋涡流的影响,风速廓线在背风坡上部有明显偏折,初步断定涡流中心在距地表40 cm左右的高度。