沙丘背风侧气流的变化特征及其意义

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格沙丘主、副梁和新月形形沙丘表面气流的野外发现分离流、附着未偏向流和附着偏向流等３种背风坡次生气流。前者以弱的反向流为特征，多发生在横向气流条件下，坡度较陡的背风坡上；后二者具有相对高的风速，多发生在坡度缓和的背风坡上，其方向在横向气流条件下保持原来的方向，在斜向气流作用下发生偏转，且其强度为原始风入射角的余统函数，根据３种次生气流强度，方向等特征，阐述了其相应的风成沉积过程和可能产生的层理类型，并对利用风成交错层理恢复古气流环境中的有关问题作了初步探讨。     

热带东风喷射气流之天气学研究

根据台湾省及东南亚地区高空天气图资料及探空资料，分析东风喷射气流之平均位置和特性，并就青藏高原、副热带西风喷射气流和东风喷射气流之关系，讨论东风喷射气流之成因以及对北半球天气和气候之影响，东风喷射气流之南北两侧存在着极强烈的混切现象，这种温切现象不但与东风喷射气流有关，而且对高空民航机之飞航安全有极重大的影响。     

一次西北气流型冰雹过程分析中加密观测资料的综合应用

利用多普勒天气雷达观测资料、风廓线雷达、天津255m气象铁塔观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料、北京和乐亭两个探空站、5min间隔自动站观测资料和自动站J文件,对2014年6月22日天津地区一次漏报冰雹过程对流系统的演变特征进行精细化分析。结果表明:(1)这次西北气流型冰雹天气是在低能量环境场发生的,冰雹入侵路径是少见的东北路径;(2)雹暴单体发展于地面"人"字形辐合线"捺"部顶端,配合干线的共同作用造成雹暴单体加强发展,形成阶段近地层强东风入流加强地面风速辐合和干线的强度。成熟阶段气象要素的骤变(降温、升压、增湿)远强于形成和发展阶段的变化;(3)雹暴后侧入流区东北气流的维持及其下传对雹暴单体的增强起到重要作用。前侧入流区东北气流则自地面向边界层伸展,且临近降雹时塔层气象要素均有短时间的反向变化;(4)风暴追踪信息显示雹暴单体质心高度在3~4km,回波顶高远超过-20℃高度,最大反射率因子高度存在3次明显下落,发展阶段垂直液体含水量达最大55kg·m~(-2)。     

径向速度资料在预报工作中的应用

就首都机场ＴＤＲ－３６００多普勒雷达探测资料分析了超级单体,飑线,切变线等中小尺度强对流天气的径向速度图特征,解释其提供的风场信息。     

影响我国的东风波特征分析

夏季，随着西太平洋副热带高压的北抬，并逐渐形成稳定的东西带状，在其南侧的东风气流中，常有一些天气尺度的波动西移，这种波动称为东风波。通过资料普查和个例分析结果得出，影响我国的东风波正常均生成于西太平洋上，其在西移的过程中逐渐加强，并进入季风区后，由于受到西南气流的影响，其结构和性质均发生了变化。东风波在合适的环境下，可作为初始扰动而发展为热带风暴，也可启动另外类型的扰动发展为热带风暴，并引导其向西移动而影响我国东南部地区。     

柽柳灌丛沙堆三维流场随背景植被变化的风洞实验

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙漠-绿洲过渡带广泛分布的柽柳灌丛沙堆及丘间地植物为原型,依据风沙运动相似理论,制作5组背景植被盖度灌丛沙堆模型,在风洞中进行风流场变化规律模拟实验。结果表明:柽柳沙堆三维流场结构可划分为6个区域,即沙堆前减速区、沙堆迎风坡加速区、沙堆两侧急流区、沙堆背风侧强涡流区、沙堆后尾流恢复区和沙堆上空混合加速区。灌丛沙堆对流场结构影响范围为沙堆前10H到沙堆后14H区段,旁侧影响宽度不超过沙堆宽度的3/4,垂直方向上主要影响灌丛沙堆总高度相对应的下方区域,最大不超过灌丛沙堆总高度的2倍。风速变化不构成对流场结构的影响,但背景植被变化对流场结构影响明显。随着植被盖度增大,沙堆前减速区和沙堆后尾流恢复区范围扩大,两侧急流区和背风侧涡流区范围缩小。背景植被的出现明显降低了其所在高度层的风速,柽柳沙堆各分区地表加速率均随背景植被盖度呈指数规律下降,当植被盖度在16%时加速率变化趋于平缓。从维护绿洲安全的角度出发,根据风沙动力学原理可将16%视为灌丛沙堆科学保育中可能的临界背景植被覆盖值。     

Moist baroclinic instability and the growth of monsoon depressions— linear and nonlinear studies

The objective of this study was two-fold: the first to investigate the role of moist convection and nongeostrophic effects on the growth of the monsoon depressions using a linearized multi-level moist primitive equation (PE) model and quasi-geostrophic (QG) model with only vertical shear. The second was to study the nonlinear evolution, growth, movement and detailed energetics of the monsoon depressions using a nonlinear moist global spectral model. Our linear studies using both models revealed lower as well as upper tropospheric growing modes. For the lower tropospheric modes the shorter scales were found to grow faster. While the PE model showed faster growth rate for shorter scales, as compared to longer scales, the QG model showed less tendency for scale selection. The shorter scales in PE model had phase speeds ranging from 4 to — 1 ms−1 and in QG model from 8 to — 4 ms−1. The nongeostrophic effects were found to be, in general, important. One of the lower tropospheric modes with wavelength 2500 km was found to have many features similar to the observed monsoon depression of the Bay of Bengal. In the upper troposphere the PE model showed much faster growth rates compared to the QG model. Also the fastest growing mode with a doubling time of 2.5 days had a scale of 6000 km. This was shorter than the scale predicted in the QG model. This mode had many characteristics similar to the observed features of the monsoon upper tropospheric easterly waves. Using a nonlinear global spectral model, we simulated the monsoon depression around 21°N starting from an antisymmetric heating distribution (with respect to the equator) and with a specific vertical structure with and without basic flows. The model was integrated for a period of five days incorporating a simple form of cumulus heating. The simulated model disturbance showed a pronounced growth and a westward movement in the presence of cumulus heating. The detailed energetics calculations revealed that the baroclinic energy exchange is the primary energy exchange process and cumulus heating is the driving force for the generation of available potential energy.     

西北太平洋多台风事件气候特征及其可能形成机制

利用1945-2018年美国联合台风警报中心JTWC台风最佳路径资料,定义并系统分析了西北太平洋多台风事件时空分布气候特征和可能形成机制.结果 表明:西北太平洋多台风事件(MTYE)主要发生在7-10月,其生成源地关键区位于西北太平洋135°～180°E的12°N附近.相对于单独发生的台风,多台风事件的台风平均强度更强...     

Airflow and roughness characteristics over partially vegetated linear dunes in the southwest Kalahari Desert

There is little understanding of the flow-field surrounding semi-vegetated linear dunes, and predictions of dune mobility are hampered by a lack of empirical data concerning windflow. In an attempt to characterize the near-surface airflow upwind of and over partially vegetated linear dunes in the southwest Kalahari Desert, this study presents measurements of vertical and horizontal wind velocity profiles across cross-sectional transects of seven partially vegetated linear dunes. Vegetation surveys combined with velocity measurements from vertical arrays of cup-anemometers, placed up to 2·3 m above the ground surface, were used to gain information concerning the modification of airflow structure caused by the intrusion of the dunes into the atmospheric boundary layer and to predict the variability of aerodynamic roughness (z₀) from interdune to crest. The results suggest an acceleration of flow up the windward slopes of the dunes and, as such, the data correspond to classical theory concerning flow over low hills (essentially Jackson and Hunt (1975) principles). Where the theory is incapable of explaining the airflow structure and acceleration characteristics, this is explained, in part, by the presence of a spatially variable vegetation cover over the dunes. The vegetation is important both in terms of the varying aerodynamic roughness (z₀) and problems concerning the definition of a zero-plane displacement (d). It is considered that any attempts to characterize surface shear stress over the Kalahari linear dunes, in order to predict sand transport and dune mobility, will be hampered by two problems. These are the progressively non-log-linear nature of the velocity profiles over the dunes caused by flow acceleration, and the production of thin near-surface boundary layers caused by areally variable aerodynamic roughness as a result of the partially vegetated nature of the dunes.     

大空间建筑物室内气流的大涡模拟

利用大涡模式对大空间建筑物室内气流进行模拟研究,并取得了良好的效果。模拟的内容包括:(1)在机械通风情况下,当存储货物的仓库发生火灾时,将会改变室内的温度场和流场的分布;(2)在自然通风情况下,简单方形钝体建筑物以及大型体育馆室内的流场状况。对以上模拟结果的分析表明,发生火灾时,室内流场主要是由热力作用支配,通风口的位置、通风气流的热力性质、室内物品的堆放方式以及室内物品的热力属性都会在很大程度上影响室内的流场和温度场。在自然通风情况下,室外的气流状况和通风口的位置对室内的气流都有很大的影响,室外的风速大小和风向分别对室内风速的大小和流场分布有重要影响,而通风口的位置主要影响室内气流分布状况。由于决定室内气流的因素很多,所以像体育馆这种对室内气流和空气质量要求比较高的建筑物,要评价以及设计其通风效果及室内空气品质必须针对具体情况从多个方面作具体分析。