石津灌区冬小麦水分生产率的尺度效应

以河北省石津灌区为研究对象,以2007-2009年两季冬小麦生育期为研究时段,基于Hydrus-1D和Modflow模型模拟分析了井渠结合灌溉模式下冬小麦的净入流量水分生产率和净灌溉水分生产率的尺度效应(作物、田间、分干、干渠和灌区尺度)。结果表明:①从作物尺度到灌区尺度,损失水量越来越多,使得净入流量水分生产率和净灌溉水分生产率分别减少了9.49%和16.59%;②由于研究区地下水埋深较大,冬小麦生育期内渗漏补给地下水库的重复利用水量很小,而净灌溉水分生产率因为考虑了这一小部分重复利用水量,比传统的灌溉水分生产率有了小幅提升;③在多年时间尺度上,由于渗漏水量能够全部进入地下水库被重复利用,净入流量水分生产率随尺度增大而增大,而不同空间尺度的净灌溉水分生产率也比冬小麦生育期时间尺度上提高37%~65%。     

Wheat straw burning and its associated impacts on Beijing air quality

Based on MODIS images, large-scale flow field charts and environmental monitoring data, we thor- oughly analyzed the spatial distribution of wheat straw burning in North China, with focus on its envi- ronmental impacts on the air quality of Beijing and pollution transport paths. And we anatomized changes of air quality in Beijing under the impacts of pollution generated by wheat straw burning around. The results indicate that: (1) The North China Plain, a winter-wheat growing area, is the main source of pollutants induced by wheat straw burning in Beijing. The direction of south-west is the dominant heavy pollution transport path. (2) Impacts of wheat straw burning on air quality are mainly manifested by significantly increasing CO concentration. (3) Precursors of O3 generated by wheat straw burning, combining with favorable meteorological conditions, can induce increasing O3 concentration greatly. NO concentration will be greatly increased due to decreasing O3 concentration at night. (4) Atmospheric particles, especially the fine ones, from wheat straw burning exert considerable influ- ence on Beijing air quality. (5) Different contributions of wheat straw burning to pollutants are identified. Ratios of PM10/SO2, CO/SO2, etc., can be applied to indicate pollution extent of wheat straw burning. High ratios of PM10/SO2 and CO/SO2 show that the air quality was heavily impacted by wheat straw burning and these ratios can be employed as indicators of contribution of wheat straw burning to the degradation of Beijing air quality. (6) Randomness of wheat straw burning activities renders random outbreak of air pollution of this type. Regional and extensive wheat straw burning activities can cause serious air pollution event.     

Modelling blue and green water resources availability in Iran

Knowledge of the internal renewable water resources of a country is strategic information which is needed for long‐term planning of a nation's water and food security, among many other needs. New modelling tools allow this quantification with high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study we used the program Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in combination with the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting program (SUFI‐2) to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model of Iran based on river discharges and wheat yield, taking into consideration dam operations and irrigation practices. Uncertainty analyses were also performed to assess the model performance. The results were quite satisfactory for most of the rivers across the country. We quantified all components of the water balance including blue water flow (water yield plus deep aquifer recharge), green water flow (actual and potential evapotranspiration) and green water storage (soil moisture) at sub‐basin level with monthly time‐steps. The spatially aggregated water resources and simulated yield compared well with the existing data. The study period was 1990–2002 for calibration and 1980–1989 for validation. The results show that irrigation practices have a significant impact on the water balances of the provinces with irrigated agriculture. Concerning the staple food crop in the country, 55% of irrigated wheat and 57% of rain‐fed wheat are produced every year in water‐scarce regions. The vulnerable situation of water resources availability has serious implications for the country's food security, and the looming impact of climate change could only worsen the situation. This study provides a strong basis for further studies concerning the water and food security and the water resources management strategies in the country and a unified approach for the analysis of blue and green water in other arid and semi‐arid countries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北地区不同底墒对冬小麦生长发育及产量影响的研究

1997年 9月至 1 999年 6月在中国气象局固城农业气象试验基地人工控制农田水分试验场进行了冬小麦不同底墒处理的试验 ,结果表明 :底墒显著影响冬小麦的生长发育和产量 ,对冬小麦总生物量、地上和地下生物量的影响在小麦生长后期比前期明显 ;底墒与植株高度、叶面积系数有良好的二次曲线关系 ;底墒显著影响产量构成因素 ,其与籽粒重有相当好的二次曲线关系 ,并据此确定了冬小麦播种时不同深度土层的最佳底墒 :0～ 1 m为 88% ,0～ 2 m为82 % .     

气象条件对小麦白粉病发生影响的研究

这１０多年来江苏省代表站的小麦白粉病始病期、严重率和同期的气象资料,采用滑动相关普查方法,分析了气象条件对白粉病发生的影响作用,发现对白粉病始病期和严重率有着显著的影响,但影响作用具有阶段性和区域性。在此基础上建立了白粉病的预报模式。     

不同水分胁迫下几种春小麦种子根形态结构的研究

实验采用快速冷冻切片法及显微摄像系统观察法对甘肃陇中地区6个品种春小麦在不同水分状况下的种子根进行了形态结构研究。结果表明,在不同程度水分胁迫下的同一品种春小麦,种子根后生木质部导管(中央大导管)直径有显著的差异,但这种变化趋势并不是简单的线性关系。随着水分胁迫的增大,不同品种春小麦种子根中央大导管的直径有不同的变化趋势。不同品种春小麦在不同程度的水分胁迫下,随着胁迫的增大,各品种中央大导管直径的变化都逐渐趋于同一区域,这一区域很可能是春小麦在形态结构上适应水分亏缺在导管直径上表现出的最佳直径范围。     

奈曼沙地春小麦蒸散量及其分析

运用波文比-能量平衡法和大型蒸渗仪对沙地春小麦的蒸散量进行了连续的测定和估算,并对由于降雨和灌溉所引起的土壤有效水分变化与沙地春小麦蒸散量之间的相关关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明:①春小麦蒸散量在降水或灌溉后1~2 d最大,然后逐渐下降,说明春小麦的蒸散速度受土壤有效水分含量的影响;②春小麦出苗前和生长初期,蒸散以地表蒸发为主,蒸散量较小,感热通量和土壤热通量较大;随着时间推移,L AI(叶面积系数)逐渐增大,由于作物遮蔽,感热通量和土壤热通量减小,潜热通量对净辐射贡献增大;③测定期间,波文比在早晨日出前(5:00)达到最大,至下午15:00左右下降为最小,然后开始增大至次日凌晨;④应用波文比-能量平衡法估测的沙地春小麦蒸散量与大型蒸渗仪的测定值一致性较好,相关系数R²为0.9055。     

关键时相长势—环境和景观特征对河北省县级尺度冬小麦单产估算精度影响分析

区域尺度上精准、快速的作物单产估算可以有效地为国家粮食安全相关政策的制定提供数据支撑。本文针对县级估产时相和特征类型选择问题,基于遥感、气象和统计等多源数据,通过不同时相和特征要素之间的组合分析来探索其对于县级尺度冬小麦单产估算的影响。特征要素主要考虑作物长势、环境(水分和光温条件)和农田景观3个类型;时相主要考虑由冬小麦生长过程NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)曲线特征提取的5个关键时段(P1—P5)。利用不同时相与类型特征的组合与统计单产构建随机森林回归模型,根据精度评价结果分析各组合的优劣。2014年—2017年的数据用来建模,2018年数据用来验证。对于单时相,P2、P3、P4的表现明显好于P1和P5;多时相的准确度明显优于单时相,其中P2、P4的组合效果最佳。对于不同类型的特征要素,作物长势特征参量对估产精度的影响最大,而水分影响和光温条件等环境因子的加入对估产准确性并没有明显提升,农田景观参数的加入能够有效提升估产的准确性。在最优组合的基础上,剔除冗余变量优选出5个重要的指标因子(PROP、NDVI＿P2、B2＿P2、...     

陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究

为进一步探明陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量形成对不同干旱胁迫的响应机制,依据甘肃省定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村2016—2018年大田控水试验数据以及定西市安定区1971—2018年气象数据,验证农业生产系统模拟(Agricultural production systems simulation,APSIM)模型模拟不同...     

冬小麦拔节期灌溉防霜冻效果研究

以矮抗58为研究对象,在冬小麦拔节期设置灌溉与未灌溉两种水分处理,通过对无霜冻年份(2012年)和晚霜冻年份(2013年)的对比试验,分析晚霜冻害对冬小麦群体密度、干物质积累、产量及其构成要素的影响,探讨拔节期灌溉的防霜效果。研究结果表明:1)孕穗-抽穗期发生晚霜冻害可使冬小麦群体密度下降、产量显著降低。2012年的产量整体高于2013年的,且2012年未灌溉处理的产量显著高于2013年灌溉处理的(P0.05);受霜冻影响,2013年灌溉与未灌溉的成熟期密度分别比抽穗期下降11.8%和14.8%,地上部分总干物质重先显著下降而后逐渐恢复,和抽穗期相比其下降幅度分别为18.5%(灌溉)和33.7%(未灌溉)。2013年成熟期叶片干重占地上部分总干物质重比例为43.5%(灌溉)和41.0%(未灌溉),显著高于2012年的16.3%(灌溉)和4.1%(未灌溉)。2)无论是否有霜冻害发生,拔节期灌溉均可显著提高产量,灌溉处理产量分别比未灌溉处理的偏高16.3%(2012年)和24.5%(2013年)。霜冻年份拔节期灌溉处理可显著降低穗粒数损失和抽穗期以后叶面积指数的衰减速度。3)2013年灌溉处理较2012年灌溉处理减产23.6%,未灌溉处理较2012年未灌溉处理减产32.9%。拔节期灌溉能够有效减少霜冻造成的产量损失,但这主要是由水分增加所引起,抽穗期的冬小麦抗霜能力并没有提高。