Global Correlations of Ocean Ridge Basalt Chemistry with Axial Depth: a New Perspective

The petrological parameters Na₈ and Fe₈, which are Na₂O andFeO contents in mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) melts correctedfor fractionation effects to MgO = 8 wt%, have been widely usedas indicators of the extent and pressure of mantle melting beneathocean ridges. We find that these parameters are unreliable.Fe₈ is used to compute the mantle solidus depth (P_o) and temperature(T_o), and it is the values and range of Fe₈ that have led tothe notion that mantle potential temperature variation of T_P= 250 K is required to explain the global ocean ridge systematics.This interpreted T_P = 250 K range applies to ocean ridges awayfrom ‘hotspots’. We find no convincing evidencethat calculated values for P_o, T_o, and T_P using Fe₈ have anysignificance. We correct for fractionation effect to Mg^# = 0·72,which reveals mostly signals of mantle processes because meltswith Mg^# = 0·72 are in equilibrium with mantle olivineof Fo_89·6 (vs evolved olivine of Fo_{88·1–79·6}in equilibrium with melts of Fe₈). To reveal first-order MORBchemical systematics as a function of ridge axial depth, weaverage out possible effects of spreading rate variation, local-scalemantle source heterogeneity, melting region geometry variation,and dynamic topography on regional and segment scales by usingactual sample depths, regardless of geographical location, withineach of 22 ridge depth intervals of 250 m on a global scale.These depth-interval averages give Fe₇₂ = 7·5–8·5,which would give T_P = 41 K (vs 250 K based on Fe₈) beneathglobal ocean ridges. The lack of Fe₇₂–Si₇₂ and Si₇₂–ridgedepth correlations provides no evidence that MORB melts preservepressure signatures as a function of ridge axial depth. We thusfind no convincing evidence for T_P > 50 K beneath globalocean ridges. The averages have also revealed significantcorrelations of MORB chemistry (e.g. Ti₇₂, Al₇₂, Fe₇₂,Mg₇₂, Ca₇₂, Na₇₂ and Ca₇₂/Al₇₂) with ridge axial depth. Thechemistry–depth correlation points to an intrinsic linkbetween the two. That is, the 5 km global ridge axial reliefand MORB chemistry both result from a common cause: subsolidusmantle compositional variation (vs T_P), which determines themineralogy, lithology and density variations that (1) isostaticallycompensate the 5 km ocean ridge relief and (2) determine thefirst-order MORB compositional variation on a global scale.A progressively more enriched (or less depleted) fertileperidotite source (i.e. high Al₂O₃ and Na₂O, and low CaO/Al₂O₃)beneath deep ridges ensures a greater amount of modal garnet(high Al₂O₃) and higher jadeite/diopside ratios in clinopyroxene(high Na₂O and Al₂O₃, and lower CaO), making a denser mantle,and thus deeper ridges. The dense fertile mantle beneath deepridges retards the rate and restricts the amplitude of the upwelling,reduces the rate and extent of decompression melting, givesway to conductive cooling to a deep level, forces melting tostop at such a deep level, leads to a short melting column,and thus produces less melt and probably a thin magmatic crustrelative to the less dense (more refractory) fertile mantlebeneath shallow ridges. Compositions of primitive MORB meltsresult from the combination of two different, but geneticallyrelated processes: (1) mantle source inheritance and (2) meltingprocess enhancement. The subsolidus mantle compositional variationneeded to explain MORB chemistry and ridge axial depth variationrequires a deep isostatic compensation depth, probably in thetransition zone. Therefore, although ocean ridges are of shalloworigin, their working is largely controlled by deep processesas well as the effect of plate spreading rate variation at shallowlevels. KEY WORDS: mid-ocean ridges; mantle melting; magma differentiation; petrogenesis; MORB chemistry variation; ridge depth variation; global correlations; mantle compositional variation; mantle source density variation; mantle potential temperature variation; isostatic compensation     

二红洼镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体特征及成因

新疆哈密二红洼镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体地表分南北两个岩体,深部可能连为一体,可划分为两个侵入期、四个岩相.第一侵入期构成岩体的主体部分,分异良好,由重力结晶分异形成自橄揽岩相、橄榄辉长岩相向含石英苏长辉长岩相的分异趋势,基性程度依次降低.岩浆多次贯入使得纵向上橄榄岩相和橄榄辉长岩相重复出现.第二侵入期辉长苏长岩相分异程度低,岩性稳定,为岩浆快速冷凝的产物.岩浆属于拉斑玄武岩系列,发生过金属硫化物熔离,有利于铜镍硫化物成矿.     

辽北地区钾长石矿地质特征及开发应用方向

以铁岭县湾龙背地区的钾长石矿为例,研究了辽北地区伟晶岩型钾长石矿的分异相带特点及空间分布规律。指出具新太古代壳源岩浆成因的钾长石分异相带明显,可分为内中外三个相带,其中内部相带的块体状钾长石、中间相带的团块状具文象结构的钾长石质量好,并在对国内的钾长石的市场潜力分析的基础上,指明了辽北地区钾长石矿的开发利用方向。     

新城－黄陂走滑韧性剪切带的动力分异作用

本文通过对新城－黄陂断裂带中合河－殷店右行走滑韧性剪切带内糜棱岩类岩石化学成分、稀土元素及微量元素随Ｓｓ－Ｓｃ夹角和古差异应力（△δ）的变化梯度的研究，初步探讨了右行走滑韧性剪切带的动力分异作用。     

热扩散驱动的元素分异和同位素分馏:一种不容忽视的硅酸盐成分分异机制

热扩散在地质过程中是否发挥重要作用一直存有争议。本文回顾了热扩散的研究历史和现状,重点总结了热扩散驱动的元素和同位素行为规律,并探讨了温度、硅酸盐组分、压力和氧逸度等因素对热扩散行为的影响。已有的研究表明,稳定热梯度下的硅酸盐热扩散效应类似于结晶分异或AFC过程,可以造成轻、重同位素分别在高温端和低温端富集,而主、微量元素的扩散方向则取决于两端化学势的高低和熔体中的电价平衡。从基性岩浆到酸性岩浆,熔体聚合度增大,黏度增加,热扩散速率明显降低,成网元素的热扩散效应减弱,变网元素则反之;水、氟、氯和硫化氢等挥发组分能增加熔体的非桥氧比例,降低熔体聚合度,因而能显著增强硅酸盐熔体中元素和同位素的热扩散效应。在此基础上,本文提出了当前硅酸盐体系热扩散研究中存在的五个亟需解决的问题,即:1)对不同硅酸盐体系的热扩散规律的研究还不够全面;2)对微量元素的热扩散行为认识不足;3)硅酸盐体系热扩散作用的影响因素及尺度还不够明确;4)热扩散作用的地质与地球化学关键识别标志有待确立;5)硅酸盐体系热扩散作用的理论模型有待建立。尽管硅酸盐体系热扩散的研究还存在诸多不足,但越来越多的证据表明,热扩散是地质过程中不容忽视的一种成分分异机制。这种机制会造成岩浆房或岩浆通道中的元素分异和同位素分馏,可能对于一些成分分异的岩石和矿床的形成具有重要的意义。     

Adakitic Dacites Formed by Intracrustal Crystal Fractionation of Water-rich Parent Magmas at Nevado de Longavi Volcano (36{middle dot}2{degrees}S; Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Central Chile)

The mid-Holocene eruptive products of Nevado de Longavívolcano (36·2°S, Chile) are the only reported occurrenceof adakitic volcanic rocks in the Quaternary Andean SouthernVolcanic Zone (33–46°S). Dacites of this volcano arechemically distinct from other evolved magmas of the regionin that they have high La/Yb (15–20) and Sr/Y (60–90)ratios and systematically lower incompatible element contents.An origin by partial melting of high-pressure crustal sourcesseems unlikely from isotopic and trace element considerations.Mafic enclaves quenched into one of the dacites, on the otherhand, constitute plausible parental magmas. Dacites and maficenclaves share several characteristics such as mineral chemistry,whole-rock isotope and trace element ratios, highly oxidizingconditions (NNO + 1·5 to >NNO + 2, where NNO is thenickel–nickel oxide buffer), and elevated boron contents.A two-stage mass-balance crystal fractionation model that matchesboth major and trace elements is proposed to explain magmaticevolution from the least evolved mafic enclave to the dacites.Amphibole is the main ferromagnesian phase in both stages ofthis model, in agreement with the mineralogy of the magmas.We also describe cumulate-textured xenoliths that correspondvery closely to the solid assemblages predicted by the model.We conclude that Nevado de Longaví adakitic dacites arethe products of polybaric fractional crystallization from exceptionallywater-rich parent magmas. These basaltic magmas are inferredto be related to an exceptionally high, but transient inputof slab-derived fluids released from serpentinite bodies hostedin the oceanic Mocha Fracture Zone, which projects beneath Nevadode Longaví. Fractional crystallization that is modallydominated by amphibole, with very minor garnet extraction, isa mechanism for generating adakitic magmas in cold subductionzones where a high flux of slab-derived fluids is present. KEY WORDS: adakite; amphibole; Andes; differentiation; Southern Volcanic Zone     

粤中早白垩世亚髻山正长质杂岩体的成分分异及岩石成因

华南的碱性岩浆往往以小岩株形式侵位于早期花岗岩中,指示了伸展拉张的大地构造背景。本文通过对华南代表性的碱性岩体——粤中亚髻山正长质杂岩体不同相带岩石的研究,发现它们可按照岩性和成分的差异划分三组,其成因与岩浆过程和岩浆期后流体作用密切相关。化学成分上,三组的差异体现在:1)Group 1显示最低的Si O2(59.37%~64.10%)、K2O/Na2O(0.70~1.11)、I Sr值(0.70741~0.710032)、t2DM模式年龄(1.0~1.1Ga),最高的Al2O3(17.30%~19.18%)、全碱(K2O+Na2O:11.13%~13.76%)、εNd(t)值(-1.6~-0.9)和碱性-过碱性、准铝质特征;稀土配分曲线呈明显右倾,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,表现出Ba、Ti、Sr和P负异常;具有球粒陨石质Nb/Ta比值(平均为19.6)和超球粒陨石值Zr/Hf比值(平均为47.1);2)Group 2显示最高的Ti O2(0.47%~0.49%)、Mg O(0.98%~1.07%)、P2O5(0.15%~0.16%)、K2O/Na2O(2.57~6.69)和中等低的I Sr(0.70845)、εNd(t)值(-7.9~-7.8),具有强过铝质且碱性-钙碱性过渡的特征;稀土配分曲线呈明显右倾,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,表现出Nb-Ta、LREE、P和Ti负异常;其Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值均近似于平均陆壳(平均值分别为11.6和36.3);3)Group 3具有最低的镁铁质含量、Al2O3(13.00%~13.16%)、εNd(t)值(-8.3)和最高的Si O2(77.50%~76.54%)、I Sr(0.72563)以及与过渡带相似的t2DM模式年龄(1.6Ga),总体显示碱性、强过铝质的特征;稀土配分曲线近似于"海鸥形",Eu异常明显,在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,显示Ba、Nb、LREE、Sr、P、Ti负异常和Rb、Th、U、Ta、Pb正异常。其Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值均远低于平均陆壳(平均值分别为3.0和18.5)。Group 3中锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得了2个加权平均年龄,即140.9±1.4Ma(MSWD=2.0)和141.4±0.9Ma(MSWD=1.6),与之前报道的Group 1的形成时代一致,表明它们都是早白垩世同一次岩浆作用的产物。这些成分的差异也体现在岩石成因类型判别上,结果显示Group 1属于A型岩套中典型的A1型亚类,而Group 2和Group 3显示似是而非的类型,比如,Group 2具有A型向I型过渡的特征,Group 3则既具有高演化花岗岩的特征,又类似于铝质A型花岗岩。基于Sr-Nd同位素和主、微量元素成分特征,我们认为亚髻山正长质杂岩体中的Group 1形成自富集的上地幔分异的硅不饱和碱性岩浆,较少陆壳物质混染;Group 2岩石则是硅不饱和碱性岩浆在侵位过程中大比例同化混染了外围的佛冈花岗岩而成;而Group 3岩石则是Group 2岩浆发生长石、钛铁矿、磷灰石等矿物分离结晶后再与富氟流体发生显著的相互作用而形成。因此,杂岩体各组岩石成分的明显差异,是碱性岩浆与围岩同化混染及后期流体改造、分异的结果。这进一步暗示诸多似是而非岩石类型的花岗岩,其岩浆过程及其后的流体交代对于其源区岩浆的地球化学特征的影响不容忽视;而这些过程很可能对于一些碱性火成岩及中酸性岩岩体的成分环带的形成及成矿作用具有至关重要的意义。     

初论古文化类型演替与传承模式的区域分异——以西拉沐沦河流域和汶泗流域为例

西拉沐沦河流域地处中国地貌大势三大台阶之中台阶与低台阶的过渡区。该区的中度抬升和下切,造成了西拉沐沦河流域考古文化遗址在空间上的垂向迁移;频繁的迁移也导致了考古遗址在堆积形态上主要表现为单一型,体现了不同考古文化之间“间断”的,不稳定的传承方式。位于中国地貌大势之低台阶上的汶泗流域,属自下古生代以来就十分稳定的剥蚀区,这些自然条件造成了汶泗流域遗址在堆积形态上主要表现为叠置型,考古文化在时空上,很少随着时间做空间上的改变,基本上在同一水平空间稳定不动,体现了不同考古文化之间“连续”、稳定的传承方式。两个流域的对比研究说明,不同地域、不同的自然条件,可以造成考古文化演替与传承模式的区域分异。     

青海西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物中铀和钍地球化学特征探讨

文章以柴达木盆地西部尕斯库勒盐湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对钻孔沉积物和地表沉积物中铀和钍含量的研究,探讨了盐湖沉积物中铀和钍的地球化学特征。分析表明,钻孔沉积物中铀和钍之间存在明显的正相关关系。在横向上,随地表取样点逐渐远离湖表卤水,沉积物中铀和钍的含量先增高后又急剧降低,且受补给水铀含量影响大;在纵向上,同一个晶间卤水层或者碎屑物沉积层内铀含量垂直分异明显,铀含量随深度增加而递增。就沉积物中铀和钍的赋存形式而言,2/3的铀被黏土质点吸附,1/3的铀夹杂在盐类矿物中;而90%以上的钍被黏土质点吸附,10%以下的钍夹杂在盐类矿物中。干盐滩中毛细蒸发和淋滤等化学沉积分异作用造成盐湖沉积中心的沉积物铀含量相对较高。     

古代山水画之于玉雕山子借鉴意义探幽

抽象的文字概念和直观的视觉呈现,都佐证着玉雕山子与中国山水画之间存在某种必然的关系,这种关系并不复杂,但很微妙.玉雕山子与中国山水画的区别不仅只是图像载体不同所带来的差异,二者所涵盖的内容范围有着根本的区别.本文试图从中国山水画的角度出发,探讨二者在表现范围上的本质区别,阐明中国山水画对玉雕山子在表现内容、透视方法、空间布局、技法风格、审美追求、理论构建、艺术品评等多个方面的发展所起到的借鉴意义.对于当代玉雕山子和当代中国山水画二者之间出现疏离现象的原因,本文也进行了简单的分析.