上海及其邻区潜在地质灾害的构造背景与成因机理

本文基于上海及其邻区活动断裂构造及有关地区潜在地质灾害特点的研究,论证了上海及其邻区潜在地质灾害的三种基本类型及其构造背景与成因机理;指出:上海及其邻区楔形断裂系统的存在与活动是诱发有关地区潜在地质灾害的主导因素。文中明确指出了上海及其邻区楔形断裂系统的研究在相关地区进行潜在地质灾害评价与预测方面的应用前景与发展方向。     

拉力分散型锚索锚固段荷载传递机制

预应力锚索是岩土锚固最常用的结构形式之一,使用的锚索类型越来越多。锚索锚固段的荷载传递是控制锚索性能和工程设计的关键,应用剪滞理论分析了锚固段的受力和荷载传递机制,并对拉力分散型锚索的锚固机制进行探讨。分析结果表明,拉力分散型锚索锚固段剪应力在软化段逐渐增加至峰值剪应力,随后减小,其分布模式与现场试验结果比较一致。     

Effect of supplemental feeding on spatial distribution and browse utilization by white-tailed deer in semi-arid rangeland

We investigate the risk that supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to improve trophy quality may degrade rangeland through overutilization of forage plants near the feeders. We divided a South Texas ranch into 6 areas (each 1100 ha). Supplemental feed was provided year-round in a centrally placed feeder in 3 areas, no supplement was provided in the 3 control areas. Radio-telemetry collars were fitted on 2 bucks and 2 does in each area. Spatial distribution of these deer was assessed using the CALHOME program. Feed supplementation did not alter home range size of does but did reduce their 50% core area. Bucks without supplemental feed showed 2 spatial strategies; sedentary bucks had home range distributions similar to supplemented bucks, while commuter bucks moved to supplemented areas during the breeding season. Browsing pressure near feeders and control sites was assessed by measuring consumption of seedlings set in arrays radiating from feeders and control points. Deer browsing was heavier near feeders than at the control sites, and the probability of a seedling being browsed increased with proximity to the feeder. We caution against long-term supplemental feeding in fixed locations because of the potential for localized range degradation around the feeders.     

江西省兴源冲铜矿床同位素地球化学特征及成矿机制探讨

兴源冲铜矿床地处九岭南缘铜多金属大型矿集区西段的黄茅地区。文章在成矿地质特征的基础上,通过对矿石进行稳定同位素地球化学研究,重点分析了成矿物质来源,探讨了矿床成矿机制。碳、氧同位素分析结果表明,矿区碳酸盐岩δ13CVPDB为-5·4‰～1·9‰,平均为0·6‰,δ18OSMOW变化范围为9·0‰～13·9‰,平均为10·9‰,主要为海相碳酸盐岩,碳、氧同位素图解表明碳可能主要来源于深部,且受高温变质作用和低温蚀变作用明显;矿石硫化物硫同位素δ34S变化范围主要在1·0‰～6·2‰之间,个别样品同位素比值偏大,对比相似矿床,表明该矿床具有海底喷流沉积和后期岩浆热液叠加作用的特征。上述同位素地球化学特征表明,兴源冲铜矿床是在中元古代海底火山沉积基础上,经新元古代晋宁造山期岩浆热液、动力变质叠加成矿作用所形成。     

重庆温泉研究进展

文章通过综述当前重庆温泉研究的相关文献,总结了前人在重庆温泉形成的地质背景、分布状况、类型、水化学特征及形成机制等方面的研究现状,并分析了重庆温泉研究和开发利用中存在的问题。重庆温泉中人工揭露较自然出露多,温度以中低温为主,泉口流量集中于10~50 L/s,色度、浊度小,水化学类型受围岩性质影响,以SO4-Ca型为主。其形成过程为:大气降水在大巴山脉及川东褶皱带背斜顶端碳酸盐岩出露区域渗入地下深部,被地温加热后沿褶皱带背斜轴部向南移动,在河谷深切处或断裂构造处出露形成温泉。重庆温泉的开发利用存在环境污染、资源利用不合理、开发不力等问题,认为应当加强温泉形成机理、温泉资源评价与保护、温泉水系统数值模拟、温泉废水处理等方面的研究,以确保温泉水资源的可持续利用。      

木星大气探测综述

我国计划在2030年发射木星探测飞船,相关工程技术、科学目标论证的前期准备工作已经开始。为了更好地规划我国木星探测的科学目标,我们在本文系统地总结了美欧在过去几十年所进行的历次木星探测项目及其大气探测成果。到目前为止,已成功发射的有关木星的探测飞船共有9次,其中7次为飞越探测（飞船在飞越木星时顺带进行了木星的探测）,另外2次为专门探测（专门为了探测木星而发射的飞船）,分别为伽利略号和朱诺号飞船。这些飞船携带了大量的探测仪器,对木星大气的动力、物理和化学性质,磁层、电离层和内部结构等进行了综合探测。我们在本文中将主要集中在木星大气探测方面,对7次飞越探测做简要的介绍,对两次专门的探测进行详细介绍,并对一部分尚未解决的科学问题进行简单讨论。     

台湾西南部乌山顶泥火山的成因机制初探

乌山顶泥火山位于台湾西南部旗山断层沿线.由于台湾西南部具有独特的地质构造背景,沿着古亭坑背斜和旗山断层沿线分布了许多泥火山.本文以乌山顶泥火山为例,研究泥火山的成因.在了解泥火山地质背景、活动现状的基础上,分析了喷出物的矿物组成、古生物组合、流体地球化学特征.喷出的主要矿物有石英、伊利石、高岭石-蒙脱石混层矿物、伊利石-蒙脱石混层矿物,古生物有Reticulofenestra minuta、 Sphenolithus abies等,流体中的离子主要是Cl-、Na+等.由此探讨了泥浆来源和成因机制,认为泥火山的活动与深部古亭坑组地层存在异常高压有关,构造活动是泥火山活动的主要诱发因素.     

Land-cover and land-use change in a Mediterranean landscape: A spatial analysis of driving forces integrating biophysical and human factors

This article develops a spatial analysis applied to examine the main driving forces of land-cover and land-use (LCLU) change in a Mediterranean region. Three different tools have been used in order to differentiate LCLU changes, driving forces and landscape dynamics. LCLU changes have been quantified with remote sensing techniques, driving forces have been analysed with multiple logistic regressions combining biophysical and human variables, whereas landscape dynamics have been quantified using different metrics. Results show the intensification of subsidised herbaceous crops on the coastal agricultural plain, the abandonment of olive trees and vineyards in the transitional area and forest restoration in the mountainous subregion.     

昆明王大桥房屋地基开裂变形机理及稳定性研究

昆明王大桥房屋地基开裂变形是在脆弱的地质环境条件下,未经工程勘察,盲目大兴土木,破坏生态环境而造成工程危害的典型实例。本文根据该地特殊的地质环境、破坏性的工程活动及房屋建筑开裂变形后进行勘察所获得的丰富翔实的工程地质资料,对该处房屋建筑变形机理进行了综合性分析研究,并对其发展趋势作出预测