A model for the growth and development of wave-dominated deltas fed by small mountainous rivers: Insights from the Elwha River delta,Washington

Observations from ground-penetrating radar, sediment cores, elevation surveys and aerial imagery are used to understand the development of the Elwha River delta in north-western Washington, USA, which prograded as a result of two dam removals in late 2011. Swash-bar, foreshore and swale depositional elements are recognized within ground-penetrating radar profiles and sediment cores. A model for the growth and development of small mountainous river wave-dominated deltas is proposed based on observation of both the fluvial and deltaic settings. If enough sediment is available in the fluvial system, mouth-bars form after higher than average river discharge events, creating a large platform seaward of the subaqueous delta plain. Swash-bars form concurrently or within a month of mouth-bar deposition as a result of wave action. Fair-weather waves drive swash-bar migration landward and in the direction of littoral drift. The signature of swash-bar welding to the shoreline is landward-dipping reflections, as a result of overwash processes and slipface migration. However, most swash-bars are eroded by the river mouth, as only 10 of the 37 swash-bars that formed between August 2011 and July 2016 survived within the Elwha River delta. The swash-bars that do survive either amalgamate onto the shoreline or an earlier deposited swash-bar, forming a single larger barrier at the delta front. In asymmetrical deltas, the signature of swash-bar welding is more likely to be preserved on the downdrift side of the delta, where formation is more likely and accommodation behind newer swash-bars preserves older deposits. On small mountainous river deltas, welded swash-bars may be more indicative of a large sediment pulse to the system, rather than large hydrological events.     

粗粒混合钠盐盐渍土的地质雷达探测适用性研究

为了研究粗粒混合钠盐盐渍土的地质雷达探测适用性,在室内制作了2×1.0×1.5m的人工模型箱,通过人工配制的方式调配了4组具有不同含水率和含盐量的模型填土;采用900MHz的屏蔽式天线对模型填土进行探测并由此获得相应的探测图像,通过图像特征对探测适用性进行初步判定;为了对初步判定进行验证,以西安市杨凌北部黄土台塬区为实验场地进行现场探测,综合分析表明：含水率是影响探测适用性的主要因素,当含水率大于35%时,不论含盐量多少,探测图像模糊不清,均具有“斑点状”特征,难以进行有效判读,且回波主频集中,主频不超过中心频率的1/3,低频特征明显;当含水率低于20%时,含盐量的增加会显著提高电磁反射的强度,探测图像反射明显,图像清晰可见,可判性良好。研究内容能为粗粒混合钠盐盐渍土的地质雷达现场探测提供相关参考。     

Investigation of the ground displacement in Saint Petersburg,Russia, using multiple-track differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry

Global sea level rise and local land subsidence might exacerbate the risk of flooding in coastal plains. Among other cities, this is also the case for the high-latitude city of St. Petersburg, which has long been threatened by flood events. To protect the urban area from storm surges, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1978 approved the construction of the 25 km long Flood Prevention Facility Complex (FPFC), which was completed in 2011. The risk of flooding in the city area of St. Petersburg is amplified by the fact that large sections of the coastal area have been reclaimed from the sea. In this study, we investigate the temporal evolution of the ground displacement in St. Petersburg. To this end, we perform an extended analysis based on the application of a simplified version of the differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique, known as the minimum acceleration (MinA) approach. The MinA algorithm is a multi-satellite/multi-track interferometric combination technique that allows working with multiple sets of SAR images. The method allowed generation of time series of two-dimensional (2-D) (i.e. East-West and Up-Down) deformation of the terrain by processing two sequences of Sentinel-1A/B (S-1A/B) SAR images acquired from 2016 to 2018, along the ascending and descending flight passes. The Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm was independently applied to the two sets of SAR data to generate the relevant Line-Of-Sight (LOS)-projected ground deformation time series. Subsequently, the LOS-projected deformation products were geocoded and jointly combined. The results indicate that the deformation in the city is predominantly vertical (i.e. it is subsiding) with a maximum subsidence rate of about 20 mm/year corresponding to the newly sea-reclaimed lands. Finally, the error budget of the retrieved 2-D deformation time series has also been addressed.     

双轨D-InSAR技术监测矿区地面沉降的应用

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(Differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR)技术在矿区地面沉降监测领域具有独特的优势和巨大的发展潜力。为分析并掌握济宁某矿区地面沉降的变化状况,选取具备高穿透植被能力的L波段的ALOS PALSAR数据,基于双轨D-InSAR技术对采煤塌陷进行动态监测,获取矿区的形变信息,并与水准数据进行对比分析,进而为有效的进行矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复提供一定的理论依据和技术支持。     

基于InSAR技术的矿区沉降监测研究进展

介绍了合成孔径雷达干涉测量的原理和研究现状,探讨了InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测的局限性及其研究进展。基于时间序列的差分干涉测量技术能够有效地减弱多种误差的影响,提高可用数据的数量及其结果的质量,使多源数据的融合和多极化InSAR在沉降监测应用中有着较大的优势。     

Combining multisource satellite data to estimate storage variation of a lake in the Rift Valley Basin,Ethiopia

Integration of remote sensing data sets from multiple satellites is tested to simulate water storage variation of Lake Ziway, Ethiopia for the period 2009-2018. Sixty Landsat ETM+/OLI images served to trace temporal variation of lake surface area using a water extraction index. Time series of lake levels were acquired from two altimetry databases that were validated by in-situ lake level measurements. Coinciding pairs of optical satellite based lake surface area and radar altimetry based lake levels were related through regression and served for simulating lake storage variation. Indices for extracting lake surface area from images showed 91–99 % overall accuracy. Lake water levels from the altimetry products well agreed to in-situ lake level measurements with R² = 0.92 and root mean square error of 11.9 cm. Based on this study we conclude that integrating satellite imagery and radar altimetry is a viable approach for frequent and accurate monitoring of lake water volume variation and for long-term change detection. Findings indicate water level reduction (4 cm/annum), surface area shrinkage (0.08km²/annum) and water storage loss (20.4Mm³/annum) of Lake Ziway (2009–2018).     

基于间断自适应MRF的相位解缠算法

合成孔径干涉雷达（InSAR）技术已被广泛应用于地面高程信息的获取。相位解缠作为其关键步骤直接关系到地表高程的提取精度。然而,相位解缠受相位连续性假设的限制无法识别间断相位,影响在陡峭地形区域的高程反演精度。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种基于间断自适应马尔可夫随机场模型（DA-MRF）的相位解缠算法处理间断相位。首先构建DA-MRF模型的能量函数能够自适应地在连续相位处保持像素连接,同时在间断相位处阻断像素连接;然后再利用图割算法优化能量函数,完成相位解缠。仿真和实测数据试验证明,本文方法与常用的相位解缠算法相比,具有更强的间断相位保持能力,更适用于地形变化剧烈场景中的地形重建。     

C、X波段双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析

双线偏振多普勒雷达是探测和研究降水粒子相态结构的一种有效手段并且已经取得了较多的研究成果.但是对于一部特定雷达来说,要进行资料分析和预处理以及评价其探测性能仍然比较困难.以国家灾害天气重点实验室的C波段双线偏振雷达及北京市气象局的X波段双线偏振雷达观测的一次降水过程资料为例,在保证资料的可信度的基础上统计分析双线偏振资料中的差分反射率因子ZDR、水平和垂直信号相关系数ρHV与信噪比SNR的关系.研究发现:差分反射率因子ZDR在信噪比小于20dB时受系统误差影响较大,水平和垂直信号相关系数ρHV.在信噪比小于20dB时资料变得不可信,并根据系统误差订正方法对原始资料ZDR进行订正,通过订正后的ZDR资料能够较好地反映实际情况,同时通过拟合得到的KDP与实际情况也相吻合,结果达到定量估测降水、相态识别精度的要求.     

Surface current patterns in front of the Venice Lagoon

Surface patterns of the low-frequency current in a 20 × 30 km region in front of the Venice Lagoon were analysed from a 13-month-long HF radar data set. Surface circulation was related to prevalent wind regimes in the area and to the tidal flow through the lagoon inlet. Three different categories of wind-forcing were defined: bora (NE wind), sirocco (SE wind), and finally the category containing all other wind directions and calms (winds lower than 3 m/sec). Mean flow and vorticity spatial distributions were discussed for different wind conditions. The coastal area about 5 km wide is characterized by a flow field with maximum vorticity. Outside the coastal boundary layer the interior flow is part of the Adriatic basin-wide cyclonic circulation. Two counter-rotating vortices of the dimension of about 4–5 km were evidenced in the average flow field in front of the lagoon inlet (Malamocco inlet) in all situations except for the bora. The vortex-pair is probably associated with the tidal flow through the inlet. The bora wind induces a strong southward coastal jet detached from the coast by about 5 km homogenizing the flow and eliminating the dipole. The average coastal flow pattern in calm wind conditions was also analysed as a function of the strong inflow/outflow (currents in the inlet > 0.7 m s⁻¹) from the lagoon inlet. In both cases the vorticity pattern is similar, with the negative vorticity to the left of the inlet and positive to the right looking seaward.     

航海雷达测波系统中海杂波数据的校正

为了对航海雷达图像进行海杂波数据的精确校正,结合实测海浪数据,提出了一种海杂波数据校正方法.首先,针对雷达成像过程中的几何畸变,结合数据采集系统的实际工作参数,通过方位向和距离向数据的快速分离进行几何校正;然后,针对海杂波数据沿扫描线方向存在的辐射量畸变,根据实际海浪分析的信号要求,利用沿扫描线上的非线性原理进行相对辐射校正.结果表明,无论是数据处理速度还是校正后的影像质量,均达到了海浪分析工程的实用要求.