不同干燥方式对湖泊沉积物磷提取的影响

以滇池5个典型区域表层沉积物为例,研究了自然风干、低温烘干和真空冻干等3种干燥方式对沉积物中磷的形态含量及其生物有效性测定的影响。结果表明：烘干、风干过程促进了沉积物有机磷的降解转化和微生物磷的释放,导致有机磷的含量偏低,总磷含量却比冻干高。各形态磷受不同干燥方式的影响程度不同,风干样品中BD-P较高,冻干样品中NaOH-rP含量最高,NH4Cl-P、HCl-P、残渣磷（Residual-P）由于含量较低或其化学性质比较稳定而差异不大。冻干样品中生物可利用磷分别比风干、烘干高26.7%、20.2%,表明冻干处理能较为真实地反映沉积物中磷的组成特征,是比较理想的样品干燥方式。各形态含量顺序为：藻类可利用磷（AAP）〉NaHCO3可提取磷（Olsen-P）〉水溶性磷（WSP）〉易解吸磷（RDP）。沉积物中Olsen-P与NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP、活性磷及上覆水体总磷水平呈显著正相关,因此可作为评价滇池沉积物磷的生物有效性的重要指标。     

水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料对硫铝酸盐水泥固化土性能影响及机制分析

水泥土固化过程中Ca2+浓度会随水化反应的进行而逐步降低,导致水泥颗粒未完全水化,固化土强度增长受限,而水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料（CCCW）中活性物质能催化未水化水泥颗粒反应。选择硫铝酸盐水泥（SAC）为胶凝材料、CCCW为添加剂,通过单掺与复掺的方式,结合X射线衍射（XRD）、电镜扫描（SEM）表征,分析了固化土的无侧限抗压强度、水稳定性、耐干湿循环性能及微观结构。结果表明,复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土强度是同掺量下单掺SAC固化土强度的1.5倍,且比单掺20%SAC的固化土强度高1.41 MPa;复掺16%混合料（4%CCCW+12%SAC）的固化土泡水2～8 d软化系数平均达0.97,而同掺量下SAC固化土平均仅为0.73;单掺的固化土强度随干湿循环次数增加逐级降低,而复掺混合料的固化土强度呈波浪式发展;CCCW中活性物质能增加固化土中钙矾石生成量并修复微裂缝,钙矾石长径比显著增大,可直接连接两个甚至多个土颗粒,形成三维网状结构,显著提高结晶体的微观加筋、骨架及填充作用,改善SAC固化土强度、水稳定性及耐干湿循环性能。     

西北地区气候变化新动态及对干旱环境的影响——总体暖干化,局部出现暖湿迹象

近50 a来,西北地区气温呈显著的上升趋势,降水变化空间差异突出,西北地区整体暖干化趋势明显,局部出现暖湿现象。气候变暖使冰川退缩,雪线上升,冻土消融,湿地退化,湖泊萎缩,河流流量减少,水资源越来越短缺,出现生态环境恶化问题。根据IPCC预测结果分析,未来西北地区气候变暖趋势会更加明显。从保护西北地区生态环境、完善气候变化综合监测系统以及开展重点区域气候变化过程专项研究等方面提出了对策建议。     

青藏高原隆升与欧亚内陆及北非的干旱化

通过利用一个较为完善的大气环流模式(GCM)进行了一系列青藏高原不断隆升的数值模拟试验结果.共进行了11个改变地形高度的数值试验,即对欧亚大陆上现代大地形所在地区(约10～60°N,50～140°E)陆地上所有格点的地形高度分别取为现代地形高度值的100%,90%,80%,70%,…,10%,外加一个无地形试验MOO,共完成了11个试验.结合与干旱化有关的地质记录,探讨了高原隆起在欧亚内陆及北非干旱演化过程中的作用.结果表明,仅仅改变高原地区地形高度的数值试验结果与气候变化地质记录在趋势上有可比性,青藏高原隆升是中亚及北非地区在地质时间尺度上干旱化加剧的重要原因,但却不是上述干旱区形成的根本原因.     

干湿过程中膨胀土最大剪切模量及其预测

为了研究膨胀土在天然环境下的动力特性,本文利用装有弯曲元的三轴仪对南阳膨胀土原状样和重塑样进行了最大剪切模量的测试试验。试验包括在不同围压下的饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量测试;将初始干密度相近的原状样和重塑样分别进行脱湿和吸湿,量测整个过程中最大剪切模量的变化,并结合孔隙比进行分析。试验结果表明：饱和南阳膨胀土的最大剪切模量随着围压增大而增大;脱湿过程中南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量与含水率关系曲线要高于吸湿过程的曲线,即最大剪切模量与含水率关系存在滞回特性,这主要是吸力作用的缘故;初始干密度相近条件下原状样的最大剪切模量比重塑样的要小,这是由于原状样内部存在较多大孔隙。本文最后对饱和土最大剪切模量公式进行改进,使之适用于非饱和原状南阳膨胀土最大剪切模量的预测。     

近500年来喜马拉雅山达索普冰芯中尘埃含量变化与西、南亚及北非干旱化趋势

本文重建了近500年来喜马拉雅山中段达索普冰芯中尘埃浓度与尘埃沉积通量的变化历史,谱分析结果表明它们的变化均存在较显著的12.3年、9.8年、7.4年、6.1年和5.3 年周期。该冰芯中尘埃含量与净积累量之间不存在任何相关性,说明其尘埃可能主要来源于上风方向的远源地区。基于后向轨迹法,并结合该地区附近已有的气溶胶研究结果,认为西、南亚甚至北非地区可能是该冰芯中尘埃物质的主要源区。近500年来达索普冰芯中尘埃沉积通量的增加趋势,反映了其源区干旱程度的加重趋势。     

Dynamic stream network intermittence explains emergent dissolved organic carbon chemostasis in headwaters

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations vary among headwaters, with variation typically decreasing with watershed area. We hypothesized that streamflow intermittence could be an important source of variation in DOC concentrations across a small watershed, through (a) temporal legacies of drying on organic matter accumulation and biotic communities and (b) spatial patterns of connectivity with DOC sources. To test these hypotheses, we conducted three synoptic water chemistry sampling campaigns across a 25.5‐km² watershed in south‐eastern Idaho during early spring, late summer, and late fall. Using changepoint analysis, we found that DOC variability collapsed at a consistent location (watershed areas ~1.3 to ~1.8 km²) across seasons, which coincided with the watershed area where variability in streamflow intermittence collapsed (~1.5 km²). To test hypothesized mechanisms through which intermittence may affect DOC, we developed temporal, spatial, and spatio‐temporal metrics of streamflow intermittence and related these to DOC concentrations. Streamflow intermittence was a strong predictor of DOC across seasons, but different metrics predicted DOC depending on season. Seasonal changes in the effects of intermittence on DOC reflected seasonal changes from instream to flowpath controls. A metric that captured spatial connectivity to sources significantly predicted DOC during high flows, when DOC is typically controlled by transport. In contrast, a reach‐scale temporal metric of intermittence predicted DOC during the late growing season, when DOC is typically controlled by instream processes and when legacy effects of drying (e.g., diminished biological communities) would likely affect DOC. The effects of intermittence on DOC extend beyond temporal legacies at a point. Our results suggest that legacy effects of intermittence do not propagate downstream in this system. Instead, snapshots of spatial patterns of intermittence upstream of a reach are critical for understanding spatial patterns of DOC through connectivity to DOC sources, and these processes drive patterns of DOC even in perennial reaches.     

Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs

Since the last eruption in the Cappadocia region that resulted in the formation of irregular, hard, thick lava layers on top of the Cappadocian tuffs, atmospheric processes have preferentially sculptured the tuffs. The erosion processes have resulted in some beautiful topographical landscape features, the so-called “fairy chimneys”. However, erosion, which is an important factor in the formation of fairy chimneys in the early stages, has a negative effect on their future. Over time, the number of visitors to this region has also increased and, therefore, in addition to natural erosion, the effects of localized erosion resulting from tourism at the site have increased in the last few decades. The physical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the Cappadocian tuffs have been widely investigated in previous studies, but, their weathering characteristics, particularly weathering rate, were not determined in these studies. Determination of the weathering rate of these rocks is mandatory, especially for conservation projects, which should be urgently applied in order to protect this heritage. In this study, a comprehensive research program was carried out on the weathering properties of the Cappadocian tuffs and the weathering rate was determined in field and laboratory investigations. To this purpose, a detailed field investigation was performed. Besides field observations, the mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties of tuffs were also determined. In addition to durability evaluation by the slake durability index test, wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were also performed for weathering rate assessment of the Cappadocian tuffs. In order to account for overburden load on some specific parts of pillars, these wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were performed under loads. The results obtained from field observations of old man-made structures and from laboratory studies show that the weathering rate varies between 0.03 and 0.59 mm/year for the Esbelli tuff, and 0.4 and 2.5 mm/year for softer part of the Kavak member.     

Patterns of soil water repellency change with wetting and drying: the influence of cracks,roots and drainage conditions

Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the influence of simulated cracks and roots on soil water repellency (SWR) dynamics with and without basal drainage impedance in wetting–drying cycles. Observations and measurements were taken following water application equivalent to 9.2‐mm rainfall and then periodically during 80 h of drying. In total, 180 experiments were carried out using 60 samples of three homogeneous, reconstituted soils with different organic matter contents and textures, but of similar initial severity of SWR [18% molarity of an ethanol droplet (MED)]. Water flowing down the cracks and roots left the soil matrix largely dry and water repellent except for vertical zones adjacent to them and a shallow surface layer. A hydrophilic shallow basal layer was produced in experiments where basal drainage was impeded. During drying, changes in SWR were largely confined to the zones that had been wetted. Soil that had remained dry retained the initial severity of SWR, while wetted soil re‐established either the same or slightly lower severity of SWR. In organic‐rich soil, the scale of recovery to pre‐wetting MED levels was much higher, perhaps associated with temporarily raised levels (up to 36% MED) of SWR recorded during drying of these soils. With all three soils, the re‐establishment of the original SWR level was less widespread for surface than subsurface soil and with impeded than unimpeded basal drainage. Key findings are that as follows: (1) with unimpeded basal drainage, the soils remained at pre‐wetting repellency levels except for a wettable thin surface layer and zones close to roots and cracks, (2) basal drainage impedance produced hydrophilic basal and surface layers, (3) thorough wetting delayed a return to water‐repellent conditions on drying, and (4) temporarily enhanced SWR occurred in organic‐rich soils at intermediate moisture levels during drying. Hydrological implications are discussed, and the roles of cracks and roots are placed into context with other influences on preferential flow and SWR under field conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some investigations to quantify hysteresis associated with water retention behaviour of fine-grained soils

The soil water retention characteristics curve (SWRC) has been reported to be quite useful for estimation of unsaturated soil properties. However, the uniqueness of SWRC is questionable due to hysteresis associated with the drying- and wetting-path SWRCs and this poses great challenge in utilising the SWRC for reliable estimation of unsaturated soil properties. Although hysteresis associated with SWRCs has been extensively studied for coarse-grained soils, due to limited studies on wetting-path SWRC for fine-grained soils, the hysteresis for fine-grained soils is not well understood. The present work attempts to address this gap, by studying the drying- and wetting-path SWRCs for eight different fine-grained soils by employing Dew point Potentiameter (WP4C®), Environmental Chamber and Controlled Water Sprinkling method. The study employs the concept of ‘Suction Hysteresis’, ψ_h, for quantification of hysteresis. Further, the influence of various soil-specific properties on the variation of ψ_h-water content relationship (viz., slope of variation of suction hysteresis, S_ψh) has also been studied and demonstrated. The findings of the study are quite encouraging and it has been realised that extensive studies on soils of different characteristics would be quite useful in quantifying the variation of SWRC during drying and wetting cycles.