Experimental sandstone weathering using different wetting and drying moisture amplitudes

Wetting and drying is an acknowledged yet still poorly understood rock weathering process. Previous experiments documented in the literature measure physical changes or mass loss in relation to moisture oscillations but only one study directly compares different moisture amplitudes by using different modes of moisture application. In this experimental study, four sets of sandstone tablets are subjected to 48 h wetting and drying cycles at set moisture content fluctuations of 29, 42, 56 and 63% respectively. A common moisture application, full immersion, is used for all four sets. Mass loss after 52 cycles averaged 0·27%, some three times more than that of the control samples. Average porosity of the samples increased, while water absorption capacities and the saturation coefficients of the samples decreased. No discernable difference in mass loss or change in physical properties was found between the different sample sets. When compared with previous studies, results suggest that the effect of moisture application type may be more of a controlling factor on the weathering effect than actual moisture content achieved. A need to move towards a more standardized approach in wetting and drying experimental studies is emphasized. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大直径嵌岩桩残余应变状态分析

通过对2根大直径嵌岩灌注桩（人工挖孔）加载前应变状态连续监测,初步分析了桩身残余产生的原因、分布规律和对桩受力性状的影响,并得到如下结论：（1）混凝土的干缩是产生残余应变的主要因素;（2）桩身的残余应变随空间和时间变化是有规律的,但诸多施工因素（如爆破,地下水和浇注方式）会使其分布不均匀或弱化桩侧岩石的约束力;（3）桩身局部的残余应变会超过混凝土的极限拉应变而产生裂缝,失去对桩身钢筋的保护能力,并且桩身整体收缩会减小桩端与地基的接触力。以上结论可为工程实践提供参考。     

胶州湾多分潮漫滩数值模拟研究

在普林斯顿海洋模式(POM)数值模型的基础上加入了漫滩格式,通过对胶州湾1个月实测潮位资料的调和分析,选取了5个较大的分潮,首次对胶州湾进行了多分潮的潮位和潮流数值模拟,模拟结果与实测资料符合较好。     

Laboratory study of the effect of temperature difference on the disintegration of redbed softrock

To explore the impact of temperature difference (TD) on the disintegration of redbed softrock, three types of redbed rock, collected from Nanxiong Basin, were analyzed under three different treatments: TD, wetting and drying (WD), and TDWD-temperature difference and WD. To better understand the influence of different ranges of TD on disintegration during WD cycles, pH (hydrogen ion concentration) values, electrical conductivity (EC) values, and concentration of cations in leachate released during treatment were measured. The results show that no significant change can be observed under single TD treatment but that TD can increase the disintegration rate by accelerating the water–rock interaction. The effect of TD is more significant for rock with weak resistance to disintegration.     

POM模式在厦门湾三维水动力环境模拟中的应用

本文基于采用干湿网格动边界技术的POM模式,模拟了厦门湾全海域潮流场和温盐场的三维结构特征.结果表明,该模式可较好地模拟具有大量浅滩和复杂地形的厦门湾海域的三维水文动力环境.     

饲料中添加鲜鱼浆及不同干燥方式对星斑川鲽生长及部分免疫指标的影响

以某鲆鲽类商品饲料的配方为基础,分别添加15%的鲜鱼浆及与鱼浆等蛋白含量的鱼粉,并采用热风及真空冷冻2种干燥方式制作4组等氮等能的饲料(鲜鱼浆热风干燥组SAD、鲜鱼浆真空冷冻干燥组SFD、鱼粉热风干燥组MAD和鱼粉真空冷冻干燥组MFD),投喂初始体重(75.54±0.12)g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus Pallas)幼鱼64d,以考察饲料中添加鲜鱼浆及不同干燥方式对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及部分免疫指标的影响.结果显示:SFD组试验鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于SAD组、MFD组和MAD组(P<0.05),且后3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);SFD组的饲料系数最低,但与其它3组无显著性差异(P>0.05);试验鱼的肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)在4组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但以SFD组肥满度最高,肝体比最小.真空冷冻干燥的两组(SFD组和MFD组)肌肉和全鱼蛋白含量显著高于热风干燥的两组(SAD组和MAD组)(P<0.05),脂肪含量显著低于热风干燥的2组(P<0.05),蛋白酶活性也以真空冷冻干燥的两组高(P<0.05).SFD组蛋白沉积率显著高于其他3组(P<0.05).溶菌酶(LSZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量以SFD组最高(P<0.05).上述研究表明,饲料中添加鲜鱼浆并使用真空冷冻干燥技术处理,能显著促进鱼体生长、提高鱼体蛋白含量降低脂肪含量,增强机体免疫力.     

Impact of climate variability on an east Australian bay

The climate along the subtropical east coast of Australia is changing significantly. Rainfall has decreased by about 50 mm per decade and temperature increased by about 0.1 °C per decade during the last 50 years. These changes are likely to impact upon episodes of hypersalinity and the persistence of inverse circulations, which are often characteristic features of the coastal zone in the subtropics and are controlled by the balance between evaporation, precipitation, and freshwater discharge. In this study, observations and results from a general ocean circulation model are used to investigate how current climate trends have impacted upon the physical characteristics of the Hervey Bay, Australia. During the last two decades, mean precipitation in Hervey Bay deviates by 13% from the climatology (1941–2000). In the same time, the river discharge is reduced by 23%. In direct consequence, the frequency of hypersaline and inverse conditions has increased. Moreover, the salinity flux out of the bay has increased and the evaporation induced residual circulation has accelerated. Contrary to the drying trend, the occurrence of severe rainfalls, associated with floods, leads to short-term fluctuations in the salinity. These freshwater discharge events are used to estimate a typical response time for the bay.     

A New Wetting and Drying Method for Moving Boundary in Shallow Water Flow Models

To deal with the moving boundary hydrodynamic problems of the tidal flats in shallow water flow models,a new wetting and drying (WD) method is proposed.In the new method,a "predicted water depth" is evaluated explicitly based on the simplified shallow water equations and used to determine the status (wet or dry) together with the direction of flow.Compared with previous WD method,besides the water elevation,more factors,such as the flow velocity and the surface shear stress,are taken into account in the new method to determine the moving boundary.In addition,a formula is deduced to determine the threshold,as critical water depth,which needs to be preset before simulations.The new WD method is tested with five cases including three 1D ones and two 2D ones.The results show that the new WD method can simulate the wetting and drying process,in both typical and practical cases,with smooth manner and achieves effective estimation of the retention volume at shallow water body.     

微波真空干燥波纹巴非蛤肉工艺的研究

采用微波真空干燥方法对波纹巴非蛤肉进行干制,探究微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:微波真空干燥的最佳工艺条件为微波功率2.66 kW,真空度0.08 MPa,预煮盐水质量分数8%,达到干燥终点5 min左右;与热风干燥相比,微波真空干燥贝肉的物理及感官特性优于热风干燥的贝肉,而且干燥速度快、时间短。     

浸泡-风干循环作用下砂岩动力特性劣化规律研究

在库水的长期浸泡-风干循环作用下,库岸边坡岩体的动力特性变化规律直接影响其长期稳定性能,其中,消落带是库岸边坡稳定的敏感地带。因此,特选取三峡库区库岸边坡消落带典型砂岩为研究对象,设计了考虑水压力反复升降变化和浸泡-风干循环耦合作用的试验方案,对不同浸泡-风干循环作用周期的岩样进行单轴循环加、卸载动力响应试验。研究结果表明：随着浸泡-风干循环作用次数的增加,相同次数加、卸载循环作用时对应岩样的轴向应变、动应力-应变曲线的滞回圈面积逐渐增大,计算得到砂岩的阻尼系数、阻尼比逐渐变大,动弹性模量逐渐减小,说明浸泡-风干循环作用对砂岩动力特性的损伤是一种累积性发展的过程。最后,基于岩样的微观结构变化,对浸泡-风干水岩循环作用下砂岩动力特性劣化机制进行探讨。研究成果对库区大量存在的库岸边坡在考虑地震作用下的长期稳定性评价具有较高的参考价值。