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51.
Cyclicity in the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Crystallization from a Zoned Magma Sheet 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
The major element composition of plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine,and magnetite, and whole-rock 87Sr/86Sr data are presented forthe uppermost 2·1 km of the layered mafic rocks (upperMain Zone and Upper Zone) at Bierkraal in the western BushveldComplex. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are near-constant (0·7073± 0·0001) for 24 samples and imply crystallizationfrom a homogeneous magma sheet without major magma rechargeor assimilation. The 2125 m thick section investigated in drillcore comprises 26 magnetitite and six nelsonite (magnetiteilmeniteapatite)layers and changes up-section from gabbronorite (An72 plagioclase;Mg# 74 clinopyroxene) to magnetiteilmeniteapatitefayaliteferrodiorite (An43; Mg# 5 clinopyroxene; Fo1 olivine). The overallfractionation trend is, however, interrupted by reversals characterizedby higher An% of plagioclase, higher Mg# of pyroxene and olivine,and higher V2O5 of magnetite. In the upper half of the successionthere is also the intermittent presence of cumulus olivine andapatite. These reversals in normal fractionation trends definethe bases of at least nine major cycles. We have calculateda plausible composition for the magma from which this entiresuccession formed. Forward fractional crystallization modelingof this composition predicts an initial increase in total iron,near-constant SiO2 and an increasing density of the residualmagma before magnetite crystallizes. After magnetite beginsto crystallize the residual magma shows a near-constant totaliron, an increase in SiO2 and decrease in density. We explainthe observed cyclicity by bottom crystallization. Initiallymagma stratification developed during crystallization of thebasal gabbronorites. Once magnetite began to crystallize, periodicdensity inversion led to mixing with the overlying magma layer,producing mineralogical breaks between fractionation cycles.The magnetitite and nelsonite layers mainly occur within fractionationcycles, not at their bases. In at least two cases, crystallizationof thick magnetitite layers may have lowered the density ofthe basal layer of melt dramatically, and triggered the proposeddensity inversion, resulting in close, but not perfect, coincidenceof mineralogical breaks and packages of magnetitite layers. KEY WORDS: layered intrusion; mineral chemistry; isotopes; magma; convection; differentiation 相似文献
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克拉玛依夏季日最高气温与08时 850hPa温度的关系 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
冀新琪 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2005,28(4):12-13
根据克拉玛依40年气温观测资料,分析克拉玛依夏季日最高气温与08时850hPa温度的关系,寻找预报夏季日最高气温关键因子. 相似文献
55.
The chemical composition of fogwater has been studied in the city of Strasbourg (France) from 1990 to 1999. During these years, fogwater samples have been collected and analysed for major ions and trace metals. This paper reports on the analysis of the collected dataset. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in acidity of approximately one pH unit over the course of the study. This decrease in acidity appears to be linked to a decrease in SO2(g) and the resulting SO42−. Trace metal concentrations have also strongly decreased over the 10-year period. Pb concentrations, following the elimination of leaded gasoline, decreased by more than one order of magnitude. 相似文献
56.
云南北衙金矿床是滇西北地区与喜山期富碱岩类有关的典型代表之一,矿床成矿与区内富碱岩体(脉)形成与分布具有空间上形影相随,时间上相近或稍晚,成因上密切相关的联系,研究表明,北衙金矿化类型多样,特别是于近期发现的具有特大远景的红土型矿化体,更成为该矿区的一大特色,矿石中金属矿物复杂,蚀变强烈且分带明显,对矿床和相关的富碱岩体(脉)开展的金丰度值,同位素和稀土元素研究表明,富碱岩体本身并不是矿质的源地,成矿流体和主要矿质均源于地球深部,文章初步讨论了岩浆成岩与流体成矿之间的关系,指出岩浆的形成,演化与侵位过程实际上是深部流体上升的载体以及矿质在流体中得以集中并成矿的热机。 相似文献
57.
详细研究了燕山东段地区花岗岩类的侵入时代、产出形式和成因类型 ,指出该区与花岗岩有关的三个金属成矿系列。 相似文献
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泥石流多发干旱河谷区植被恢复研究 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
云南东北部东川小江流域的干旱河谷土地退化十分严重,土地表层的砾石含量已超过60%,有机质含量、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量相对于残存燥红土明显下降。草坡是当地的主要植被类型,并未起到防治土地退化的应有作用。以合欢(Leucaena glauca)、马桑(Coriaria sinica)种植为主的恢复方式对土地的恢复有明显的改善作用。高密度的乔木树种合欢的种植使林下的草本物种的数量和组成发生了极大变化,较耐荫的植物占据了林分下层,且物种数量较草坡减少,群落多样性指数降低。三种马桑种植方式下,不但原有的草坡群落的物种仍有大量的生存空间,而且为一些新物种创造了生存环境,从而使物种的种类较原有草坡地增加,提高了群落的多样性指数。合欢种植的生物量最高,对解决当地薪柴严重短缺意义重大,马桑种植在增加灌木层生物量的同时,并未改变草坡的物种组成,还可兼顾解决当地的饲草和放牧,应大力推广。 相似文献
60.
An analysis is undertaken to develop techniques to remotely sense relative evapotranspiration outputs in the distal Okavango Delta using enhanced thematic mapper and ground based techniques to help quantify water loss. Much of this work focuses on riparian woodlands which, especially in the distal portion of the Delta, are regarded as being significant in terms of groundwater removal by transpiration. This was confirmed as vegetation cover mapping led to the identification of two riparian classes which, by association with high resistivity aeromagnetic data, were found to be rooted in near surface fresh groundwater. This paper indicates that riparian trees which remain green year long, partly sustain their growth as a result of groundwater uptake. A comparison of frequently flooded and dry floodplains with distinct riparian zones was undertaken using spectral techniques (pixel radiance values and leaf water content indices) to determine whether flooding and lateral groundwater flow stimulated growth (and therefore transpiration rate) following dormancy. Results indicate a basic similarity between the two systems with mixed evidence of assumed leaf growth. Related phenological observations in the riparian zone of the dry floodplain show that renewal of leaf growth is primarily related to rainfall, not flood events in the distal Delta. The results of this work should help effect both surface and groundwater management in the vicinity of population centres in the distal Delta. 相似文献