The Role of Isotopic Reference Materials for the Analysis of "Non-Traditional" Stable Isotopes

The advent of multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has provided an impetus to the study of isotope abundance variations in natural materials. In particular, the study of "non-traditional" stable isotopes has revealed isotope fractionation variations caused by a range of physiochemical and biological mechanisms. The magnitude of these variations may be < 1 per mil per mass unit, but are significant in terms of the experimental uncertainties involved, provided rigorous mass spectrometric protocols are followed. The double spike technique can be used effectively to evaluate isotope fractionation effects for both multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The demanding nature of this research implies the need for internationally-accepted reference materials so that interlaboratory comparisons can be made with confidence. At present, isotopically certified reference materials are unavailable for many elements, including Cu, Zn, Mo and Cd, and it is important that this situation be rectified as soon as practicable. Until such time as isotopically certified reference materials become available for every element, stable isotope geochemists should adopt a common reference material as the standard for each element so that rigorous interlaboratory comparisons can be made.     

水压式双栓塞止水压水技术的研究与实践

国内工程钻孔压水多结合造孔采用单栓塞止水,按0.3、0.6和1.0MPa3个压力点5个压力阶段进行试验,我们称其为常规压水试验。目前,进行勘测设计和施工的高坝高水头电站、抽水蓄能电站已有多座,查明岩体在实际水头作用下的透水率和渗透特性是工程设计的一项重要工作。因为一些低压力下不渗透的岩层在高压下可能渗透甚至会产生水力劈裂,常规压水试验结果已不能完全满足工程设计的需要。为此,我们研制了水压式双栓塞止水压水技术。实践证明,该技术具有止水效果好、操作简单、可在终孔后连续进行试验等优点。本文给出了使用该技术进行的常规压水、高压压水和水力劈裂三个方面的试验资料,简单分析了这些试验资料在工程设计中的作用和意义。     

Accurate Isotopic and Concentration Analyses of Small Amounts of Pb Using Isotope Dilution Coupled with the Double Spike Technique

A new method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Pb abundance and Pb isotopic composition with high precision and accuracy for small test portion masses by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. In this method, a ²⁰⁵pb-²⁰⁴pb double spike is added to samples prior to the chemical separation of Pb, and the isotopic composition of the spike-sample mixture is determined rigorously by the double spike technique using a ²⁰⁷Pb-²⁰⁴Pb spike. The isotopic composition and concentration of Pb in the sample are then obtained by utilising the principle of isotope dilution. Using this technique, replicate determinations of Pb from NIST SRM 981 and GSJ JP-1 (peridotite; 0.07 μg g⁻¹ Pb) were performed. The measured concentration and isotopic data were identical, within uncertainty, to published data or to data that were determined independently in this study. The application of this method to U-Pb dating and the determination of the "initial" Pb isotopic composition was also tested. Lead isotopic compositions and the concentrations of Pb, Th and U were determined for a single batch of samples, through the addition of ²⁰⁵pb-²⁰⁴pb, ²³⁰Th and ²³⁵U spikes to samples prior to chemical separation. Also in these experiments, we confirmed that this routine gives accurate data for Pb, Th and U concentrations and Pb isotopic compositions.     

应用双差定位法对吉林区域中小地震及乾安-前郭5.0级地震余震的重新定位

本文利用双差定位法对发生在吉林区域317次中小地震进行重新定位,得到265次地震定位结果,显示震中分布总体格局变化不大,但局部地区地震有向构造带及其交汇处集中的变化,震群分布更加集中,震源深度主要集中在0～25km。对乾安—前郭M5.0级地震余震序列双差定位,结果显示地震更加集中于极震区,方向呈北偏东,深度分布在10KM左右。研究结果初步表明该方法定位精度比较高,无论在残差、测定误差、震中分布还是震源深度方面,都比原来定位结果有较大改进。     

用双椭圆方法确定反射点位置

在反射波地震勘探中使用动校正确定反射点位置用到很多假设,如勘探深度要远远大于炮检距;假定倾斜反射界面的反射点与水平反射界面反射点都位于炮检距的中点;近似认为倾斜反射界面的动校正量等于水平反射界面的动校正量;假定反射面倾角固定且较小等,上述假设一定会造成勘探误差。由于反射点位置和反射面倾角未知,所以理论上无法唯一地确定反射点位置。如果反射波传播的介质的波速一定,从炮点发出的地震波,经反射点后,在接收点被接收,其可能的反射点是椭圆的一部分,但还不能唯一确定反射点;再取炮点和另外一个接收点,其可能的反射点是另外一个椭圆的一部分。如果假定反射面是平面,可以是水平面,也可以是有固定倾角的倾斜平面,该平面在地震波射线平面内是一条直线,该直线一定是两椭圆的公切线。把两椭圆方程和切线方程联立,就可以求解出公切点位置,公切点位置就是反射点位置,这就是用双椭圆确定反射点位置的方法。通过建立模型对勘探方法进行了检验,证实了用双椭圆方法确定反射点位置的有效性。双椭圆方法有一个重要的副产品,就是在确定反射面位置的同时计算出反射面的视倾角。     

冻结土壤介电常数混合模型机理研究

介电常数是微波辐射传输理论所需的最重要、最基本的参数。通过研究平均温度低于-4℃,组分中含有冰的土壤——冻结土壤,建立了一种适用于微波波段冻结土壤的介电常数混合模型。该模型考虑了土壤温度、微波频率、土壤质地以及其中未冻水含量的影响。模型使用一点法计算未冻水含量,引入Stern双电层理论计算冻结土壤未冻水的介电常数,引入Maxwell-Garnett介电常数混合理论、介电常数容积混合理论构建冻结土壤介电常数混合模型。模型计算结果与实测资料进行了详细的对比分析,冻结土壤介电常数混合模型给出的介电常数实部、虚部的曲率与实验结果很好吻合,模型结果比较满意,对比分析证实了模型的可靠性。     

组合双管绳索取芯心钻具在羊石山金矿勘查中的应用

针对云南芒市上芒岗羊石山金矿钻进中含矿层破碎,取心要求高,采用110 mm单管钻进时常出现岩心采取率低、孔内事故频发的现象,探索研究的将110 mm单管钻进与95 mm绳索取心钻进相结合的钻探施工工艺,较好地解决了破碎含矿地层的钻进施工难题,保证了含矿地层的岩心采取率。     

旋挖钻机用气动潜孔锤反循环硬岩钻进技术

为解决旋挖钻机在硬岩地层中施工困难的问题,借鉴地质钻探领域成熟的工艺方法,研制了适用于旋挖钻机用的空气潜孔锤反循环钻进工艺方法及设备。该工艺方法在不改变旋挖钻机任何结构的情况下,配套空气潜孔锤反循环钻具即可实现硬岩的快速钻进,解决了大口径钻探排渣困难的难题,且能够达到环保的要求。气动潜孔锤反循环钻具的设计全面考虑了大口径桩基施工及潜孔锤应用特点,气水龙头的双通道、大通孔设计满足进气排渣要求,反循环双壁钻杆为同心式,密封可靠,钻具的连接采用六方快速连接。通过在厦门地铁施工试验,验证了其可行性。     

Bearing capacity and critical punch-through depth of spudcan on sand overlying clay

Spudcan may experience punch-through failure on strong over weak layered soils, such as sand overlying clay. A large deformation finite element method （LDFE） is used to simulate the penetration process of spudcan into sand overlying clay. The sand is simulated by smoothed hyperbolic Mohr-Coulomb model, and the clay is simulated by a simple elasto-plastic model which obeys Tresca yield criterion. According to the LDFE results of a large amount of cases, the effects of the strength, unit weight and thickness of the top sand layer, as well as the effect of the strength of the underlying clay on the spudcan punch-through behavior, are investigated. The critical depth occurring punch-through and the critical bearing capacity are presented in charts. Fitting equations to calculate the critical punch-through depth and the critical bearing capacity are proposed for the convenience of engineering practice.     

A double-porosity model for a fractured aquifer with non-Darcian flow in fractures

Abstract

Non-Darcian flow in a finite fractured confined aquifer is studied. A stream bounds the aquifer at one side and an impervious stratum at the other. The aquifer consists of fractures capable of transmitting water rapidly, and porous blocks which mainly store water. Unsteady flow in the aquifer due to a sudden rise in the stream level is analysed by the double-porosity conceptual model. Governing equations for the flow in fractures and blocks are developed using the continuity equation. The fluid velocity in fractures is often too high for the linear Darcian flow so that the governing equation for fracture flow is modified by Forcheimer's equation, which incorporates a nonlinear term. Governing equations are coupled by an interaction term that controls the quasi-steady-state fracture—block interflow. Governing equations are solved numerically by the Crank-Nicolson implicit scheme. The numerical results are compared to the analytical results for the same problem which assumes Darcian flow in both fractures and blocks. Numerical and analytical solutions give the same results when the Reynolds number is less than 0.1. The effect of nonlinearity on the flow appears when the Reynolds number is greater than 0.1. The higher the rate of flow from the stream to the aquifer, the higher the degree of nonlinearity. The effect of aquifer parameters on the flow is also investigated. The proposed model and its numerical solution provide a useful application of nonlinear flow models to fractured aquifers. It is possible to extend the model to different types of aquifer, as well as boundary conditions at the stream side. Time-dependent flow rates in the analysis of recession hydrographs could also be evaluated by this model.