Electricity regulation in the Chinese national emissions trading scheme (ETS): lessons for carbon leakage and linkage with the EU ETS

Carbon leakage is central to the discussion on how to mitigate climate change. The current carbon leakage literature focuses largely on industrial production, and less attention has been given to carbon leakage from the electricity sector (the largest source of carbon emissions in China). Moreover, very few studies have examined in detail electricity regulation in the Chinese national emissions trading system (which leads, for example, to double counting) or addressed its implications for potential linkage between the EU and Chinese emissions trading systems (ETSs). This article seeks to fill this gap by analysing the problem of ‘carbon leakage’ from the electricity sector under the China ETS. Specifically, a Law & Economics approach is applied to scrutinize legal documents on electricity/carbon regulation and examine the economic incentive structures of stakeholders in the inter-/intra-regional electricity markets. Two forms of ‘electricity carbon leakage’ are identified and further supported by legal evidence and practical cases. Moreover, the article assesses the environmental and economic implications for the EU of potential linkage between the world’s two largest ETSs. In response, policy suggestions are proposed to address electricity carbon leakage, differentiating leakage according to its sources.

Key policy insights

• Electricity carbon leakage in China remains a serious issue that has yet to receive sufficient attention.

• Such leakage arises from the current electricity/carbon regulatory framework in China and jeopardizes mitigation efforts.

• With the US retreat on climate efforts, evidence suggests that EU officials are looking to China and expect an expanded carbon market to reinforce EU global climate leadership.

• Given that the Chinese ETS will be twice the size of the EU ETS, a small amount of carbon leakage in China could have significant repercussions. Electricity carbon leakage should thus be considered in any future EU–China linking negotiations.

     

区域自动气象站双卡备份通信技术的实现与应用

通过对区域自动气象站无线传输双卡通讯模块试制,再通过通信软件技术,实现通信模块双卡自动备份并自适应4G、3G和2G信号,解决因单个通讯运营商基站故障导致的传输不通畅问题;提高区域自动气象站传输及时率。     

双扩散在南极文森湾海域热盐结构演变中的作用

利用22头象海豹携带的CTD观测到的2012年3—4月南极文森湾中西部海域的海水温盐剖面数据,研究了双扩散效应在海水热盐演变过程中的作用。结果显示,该海域双扩散效应显著,其中"扩散对流"作用在水柱中所占比例超过50%,并普遍存在于500—800 dbar深度的深层水中;"盐指对流"作用在水柱中所占比例不超过10%,存在于300—500 dbar的中层水中;随着时间进入南极冬季,海水结冰盐析过程会使水体中重力不稳定状态加剧。"扩散对流"会产生向上的热通量和盐度通量,热通量大约在0.02—0.5 W·m~(–2),盐度通量平均在10–8 m·s~(–1)左右;"盐指对流"则会产生向下的热通量和盐度通量,平均热通量约为–0.5 W·m~(–2),平均盐度通量约为–10–8 m·s~(–1)。在结冰初期,文森湾陆架海域的海表结冰过程对低温高盐水体的产生具有补充作用,进而通过扩散对流作用使得高密度陆架水(DSW)在水体内部得到补充生长与积累。因此,双扩散作用对于该海域高密陆架水的形成有不可忽视的贡献。     

带岛区约束数据域的Delaunay三角剖分通用算法研究

文章提出了一种可解决带岛区约束数据域的三角剖分通用算法,通过对岛区制图边界拓扑结构建立与分析,引入双联点和辅助约束边界概念对岛区外部划分子区(抽象出凸或凹多边形),再采用任意多边形内部三角剖分算法,实现了带岛区约束数据域的Delaunay三角剖分并应用于油气勘探设计等领域。     

Bearing capacity and critical punch-through depth of spudcan on sand overlying clay

Spudcan may experience punch-through failure on strong over weak layered soils, such as sand overlying clay. A large deformation finite element method （LDFE） is used to simulate the penetration process of spudcan into sand overlying clay. The sand is simulated by smoothed hyperbolic Mohr-Coulomb model, and the clay is simulated by a simple elasto-plastic model which obeys Tresca yield criterion. According to the LDFE results of a large amount of cases, the effects of the strength, unit weight and thickness of the top sand layer, as well as the effect of the strength of the underlying clay on the spudcan punch-through behavior, are investigated. The critical depth occurring punch-through and the critical bearing capacity are presented in charts. Fitting equations to calculate the critical punch-through depth and the critical bearing capacity are proposed for the convenience of engineering practice.     

双重极球面投影的极区投影误差分析

针对现有研究中未充分考虑地球扁率对极区极球面投影误差影响的问题,研究了双重极球面投影下极区投影误差与各重基准纬度的关系,以更加系统准确地反映极球面投影误差的极区分布规律和总体水平。结果表明:双重极球面投影能与极区地球椭球面更好地吻合、有效控制投影误差,可以满足高精度极区航海图编制及其导航应用需要。     

加拿大海盆深层双扩散对流的观测分析

The Canada Basin(CB) is the largest sub-basin in the Arctic, with the deepest abyssal plain of 3 850 m. The double-diffusive process is the possible passage through which the geothermal energy affects the above isolated deep waters. With the temperature-salinity-pressure observations in 2003, 500-m-thick transition layers and lower1 000-m-thick bottom homogenous layers were found below 2 400 m in the central deep CB. Staircases with downward-increasing temperature and salinity are prominent in the transition layers, suggesting the doublediffusive convection in deep CB. The interface of the stairs is about 10 m thick with 0.001–0.002°C temperature difference, while the thicknesses of the homogenous layers in the steps decrease upward from about 60 to 20 m.The density ratio in the deep central CB is generally smaller than 2, indicating stronger double-diffusive convection than that in the upper ocean of 200–400 m. The heat flux through the deepest staircases in the deep CB varies between 0.014 and 0.031 W/m2, which is one-two orders smaller than the upper double-diffusive heat flux,but comparable to the estimates of geothermal heat flux.     

福建汛期降水主分量逐步回归预测模型研究

建立福建汛期降水量气候场的主分量逐步回归预测模型,通过预测福建汛期降水量气候场的主分量来实现对福建汛期降水量场的预测。选取北半球500 hPa高度场、太平洋海温场、北半球海平面气压场等含不同区域不同季节的诸多因子场的前若干主分量因子作为预测因子。计算分析了福建汛期降水场的主分量分布特征和分型特点。利用相关筛选和双重检验逐步回归方法,建立福建汛期降水场与多个因子场的关系,建立主分量的预测方程。通过对2012年福建汛期降水的预报,发现该模型对福建汛期降水的趋势和分布有较好的预测能力。     

气动潜孔锤双冲击跟管钻进技术

为了解决潜孔锤跟管钻进过程中经常发生的套管断裂问题以及增加套管跟管深度,采用了潜孔锤双冲击跟管钻进技术,设计了套管振击器,在钻进过程中对套管顶端施加外部作用力。通过计算套管振击器产生作用力的大小和分析套管跟管最大深度的影响因素,验证了振击器产生的冲击力能够使套管顺利跟进,解决了套管断裂及跟管深度过低的问题。     

双星定位/SINS组合系统中双星定位的故障检测研究

北斗双星定位系统(简称双星定位)利用两颗地球同步卫星进行定位,具有定位精度高、采用有源定位体制的特点。根据双星定位自身的特点、特别是它在实际应用中的特殊情况,首先介绍双星定位与捷联惯导系统(SINS)进行组合的系统滤波方法,然后提出把基于逻辑滑窗检测与预测残差χ2检测的融合算法用于组合系统中双星定位系统的故障检测。基于实测数据的仿真结果证明上述算法是可行的,并能有效地进行双星定位系统的故障检测。