双重极球面投影的极区投影误差分析

针对现有研究中未充分考虑地球扁率对极区极球面投影误差影响的问题,研究了双重极球面投影下极区投影误差与各重基准纬度的关系,以更加系统准确地反映极球面投影误差的极区分布规律和总体水平。结果表明:双重极球面投影能与极区地球椭球面更好地吻合、有效控制投影误差,可以满足高精度极区航海图编制及其导航应用需要。     

带岛区约束数据域的Delaunay三角剖分通用算法研究

文章提出了一种可解决带岛区约束数据域的三角剖分通用算法,通过对岛区制图边界拓扑结构建立与分析,引入双联点和辅助约束边界概念对岛区外部划分子区(抽象出凸或凹多边形),再采用任意多边形内部三角剖分算法,实现了带岛区约束数据域的Delaunay三角剖分并应用于油气勘探设计等领域。     

基于多种资料对成都辐射平流雾生消机理分析

本文利用风廓线雷达、地基微波辐射计、地面自动站、秒级探空和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2016年12月成都的3次辐射平流雾过程进行生消机理分析。结果表明:①高空500hPa受西北气流控制,700hPa干层和1.5km下弱风速的维持,利于近地面快速辐射冷却形成逆温层,为雾的形成提供了热力条件。②垂直方向上无运动或微弱运动,为雾的形成和发展提供了动力条件;贴地层弱西南暖湿气流(≤4m/s)携带的水汽在成都地区辐合,为强浓雾的形成提供了充足的水汽条件。③贴地逆温层和逆露点温度层(高度低于逆温层高度)同时存在,对雾的预报有较好的指示意义。④午后,双逆温层的维持,近地面风速接近静风,是辐射平流雾维持的重要原因。⑤西南暖湿气流消失或水汽辐合移出本地之后,近地面逆温层消失或雾顶上部干空气的卷入,是导致辐射平流雾最终消散的原因。     

管索组合结构及其力学性能研究

为防止在巷道围岩中锚索发生剪切破断,进一步提高锚索的抗剪强度,自主研发的管索组合结构能更好地提高围岩的抗剪强度及稳定性,该结构主要由C型钢管和锚索组成。在详细介绍了管索组合结构支护结构的基础上,为了更好地研究管索组合结构的力学性能,利用自主研发的新型管索拉剪试验系统分别对不同类型、不同预应力、不同索径的管索组合结构及纯锚索进行了室内力学特性试验,分别从受力?剪切位移曲线特征、支护构件类型影响和支护结构破断模式等方面对比分析了试验结果。结果表明,管索组合结构在剪切过程中经历孔壁岩石自由变形、孔壁岩石压缩C型管、C型管握裹锚索共同变形3个阶段;管索组合结构的剪切破断形式表现为拉伸破断和拉剪复合破断,其峰值剪力与预紧力呈负相关,且与纯锚索相比,管索组合结构的剪切塑性铰的轴向距离较大,管索组合结构的最大剪力、最大轴力以及整体结构变形能力均得到提高,提升率分别达到26.8%、3.5%和7.0%以上。试验结果表明,采用管索组合结构可以有效提高结构面的整体抗剪能力。当围岩发生变形破坏时,锚索与C型钢管的组合结构不仅可以增加整个支护系统的抗剪强度,而且可以同时提高锚索的抗拔能力,从而实现锚索+C型钢管1+1＞2的支护效果,在巷道周围组成有效的围岩承载圈,实现巷道围岩的稳定。     

Stable W Isotope Measurements of Geological Reference Materials and Tungsten Ore Minerals by Double Spike MC-ICP-MS

This study presents high-precision W isotopic measurement results using the ¹⁸⁰W-¹⁸³W double spike technique with MC-ICP-MS. The effects of isobaric and polyatomic interferences on W isotopic measurements were evaluated. The δ^186/184W values were not significantly affected when the solution had Hf/W ≤ 3 × 10^-4, Ta/W ≤ 1, Os/W ≤ 0.06, Ce/W ≤ 0.0075, Nd/W ≤ 3.5 and Sm/W ≤ 5. The intermediate measurement precisions of both standard solutions (NIST SRM 3163 and Alfa Aesar W) and geological reference materials (NOD-A-1) were better than ±0.024‰ (2s). We also obtained a precision of 0.026‰ for a minimum sample loading mass of 5 ng, allowing the analysis of samples with low W contents. Replicated measurements of geological reference materials (AGV-2, BCR-2, BHVO-2, GSP-2, RGM-1, SDC-1, NOD-A-1 and NOD-P-1) yielded δ^186/184W values ranging from 0.017‰ to 0.144‰. The δ^186/184W values of two major tungsten ore minerals (scheelite and wolframite) were reported and compared herein. Scheelites had systematically slightly heavier W isotopic compositions than wolframites, which may reflect differences in the crystal structure. The resolvable variations of stable/mass-dependent W isotopic compositions in rocks and ore minerals make W isotopes a novel tool for studying hydrothermal mineralisation processes and the W cycle of geological reservoirs.     

IsoSpike: Improved Double‐Spike Inversion Software

The double‐spike approach for correction of instrumental mass bias in mass spectrometry data is well established. However, there is very little consistency within the scientific community in terms of double‐spike data reduction. Double‐spike solutions require computer calculation, using either geometric or algebraic approaches, and are often performed using spreadsheet calculations that vary from group to group and between isotope systems. Here, we present IsoSpike, a generalised computer procedure for the processing of double‐spike mass spectrometry data, built as an add‐on for the Iolite data‐reduction package ( www.iolite.org.au ). Use of this software permits visualisation of mass spectrometry data in a time window, and rigorous treatment and screening of data. Additionally, IsoSpike uses an integration‐by‐integration approach where the double‐spike calculations are performed on every integration within an analysis, providing straightforward quantification of uncertainties on double‐spike‐corrected isotope ratios. The advantages of this approach over traditional methods are discussed here. Platinum stable isotope data are presented as an example data set, although the procedure is applicable to any double‐spike system. IsoSpike is freely available from www.isospike.org .     

便捷式SPT-1500型拖车钻机的研制与应用

拖车钻机具有搬迁转场方便快捷、钻机调平起塔操作简单、可大幅缩短辅助时间等优点,在水井、盐井等施工中得到较广泛的应用。针对原有的拖车钻机存在的问题,研制了便捷式SPT-1500型拖车钻机。该钻机采用可伸缩钻塔解决了原有钻机两节式钻塔现场安装不方便、花费时间长的问题;可移动的天轮组解决了双卷扬提吊时的滑车对中问题,提高了工作效率,使拖车钻机真正实现搬迁转场方便快捷,省时省力,可大幅缩短辅助时间。介绍了该钻机的结构特点及工作原理,重点阐述了其创新点。     

Numerical modelling of lumpy clay landfill

Two trial motorway embankments built on a landfill consisting of clayey lumps were monitored over the period of 3 and 5 years, respectively. The subsoil of the embankment was instrumented by hydrostatic levelling profiles, pore pressure transducers and depth reference points installed in boreholes. An advanced constitutive model for clays (hypoplastic model for clays with meta‐stable structure) was used for numerical modelling of both case histories. Basic hypoplastic model for clays was calibrated using isotropic compression tests and triaxial compression tests on reconstituted clay. Three additional model parameters describing the effects of lumpy structure were calibrated using oedometer tests on specimens prepared from scaled‐down lumpy material (material with smaller size of clay lumps). The performance of the model was evaluated by comparison with the results of the centrifuge model of self‐weight consolidated landfill. Finally, the hypoplastic model was used for simulation of both trial embankments and the results were compared with in situ measurements. The degradation of the lumpy structure of the upper layer of the in situ landfill due to weathering was back analysed using monitoring data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Constitutive modeling of unsaturated aggregated soils

A coupled water retention–mechanical constitutive model for unsaturated aggregated soils is presented here. Based on the multi‐scale experimental results, the model incorporates the inter‐particle bonding, fabric and partial saturation effects in a single framework. It is formulated within the framework of hardening elasto‐plasticity and is based on the critical state concept. Prior to model validation, we evaluate the model parameters and propose determination procedures for the main new parameters. Finally, the model is examined for its capability in simulating the experimental results of aggregated and bonded soils. Results of these simulations show that the model addresses the most features arising from the combined effects of soil structure and partial saturation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cracking risk of partially saturated porous media—Part II: Application to drying shrinkage

Drying of deformable porous media results in their shrinkage, and it may cause cracking provided that shrinkage deformations are hindered by kinematic constraints. Herein, we focus on slow drying of an initially water‐saturated sample of a microheterogeneous poroelastic material damaged by parallel mesocracks. The cracking risk is analyzed by means of the thermodynamics‐based microporoelasticity model described in the companion paper (Part I), which is extended toward consideration of the hierarchical organization of cracked argillite. Drying of a material sample is studied in a framework where macrodisplacements in direction of the crack normal are blocked, while elsewise macrostress‐free boundary conditions prevail. The model implies that the opening/closure behavior of the cracks is governed by an effective pressure, in which the average crack (under)pressure, making the crack opening smaller, competes with the average micropore (under)pressure that makes the crack opening larger. The driving force for crack propagation is a quadratic function of this effective pressure. The model proposes that if drying shrinkage deformations are hindered by kinematic constraints, onset of cracking becomes possible once air entry into the cracks is observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.