基于不同积雪日定义的积雪资料比较分析

利用天气现象定义与积雪深度定义两种方法对全国884个台站的积雪日资料进行统计处理, 分别整理出每一台站各个积雪年的积雪日数、积雪深度、 初终雪间隔日数3个要素的两套数据, 并进行对比分析. 结果表明: 在全国东部大部分地区及新疆地区, 两种数据差别不大, 但在东北及青藏高原两套数据的差别较大. 在积雪日数的比较中, 两种数据在东北及青藏高原的差别基本都在10 d以上, 积雪深度的差别在0.4 cm以上, 初终雪间隔日数的差别以青藏高原最明显, 大部分地区的差别在15 d以上, 甚至有达到30 d以上的区域. 对青藏高原东北边坡代表站的积雪平均值进行M-K突变检验发现, 积雪深度定义的积雪日数与间隔日数减少趋势略大于天气现象定义统计的数值;而在积雪深度的比较中则相反. 两种定义的积雪间隔日数均在1987年出现突变.     

冻土对沙尘暴的影响研究

利用1951-2000年中国大陆685个沙尘暴站、412个冻土深度及706个气温站的观测资料,分析了近50a来沙尘暴与冻土深度的时空分布特征。结果表明:沙尘暴多发中心总与当月的冻深极小值或相对低值区对应,且冻深越小(大),沙尘暴日数越大(小);气温是冻深与沙尘暴反相关关系的纽带。     

近50年山西高温日的时空分布及环流特征

利用1958-2008 年高低空气象观测资料以及山西省气象信息中心归档的109 站原始气象记录月报表及其信息化产品资料,分别以最高气温≥35℃、≥37℃、≥40℃为指标, 研究山西高温日的时空分布、变化趋势及环流特征,结果表明：①山西高温日最早出现在4 月中旬,最晚出现在9 月中旬,≥35℃、≥37℃和≥40℃的高温日均是6月下旬最多。②高温日数具有随纬度、随海拔的升高而减少,西部多于东部、南部多于北部、盆地多于山区的空间分布特征。≥40℃的高温区域主要集中在运城和临汾地区。③1984-2008 年,35℃以上的高温日数整体呈上升趋势;1979-2008 年,30a 间高温站次以153 站次/10a 的趋势增多;进入90 年代以后,不仅高温日数增多,而且高温持续时间、强度、范围都有增强趋势。④影响山西高温的500 hPa 环流形势主要有：副高纬向性、副高经向型以及大陆高压（脊）控制型3 类。在特定的流型配置下,T850≥25℃、T700≥13℃,T850≥26℃、T700≥14℃,T850≥28℃、T700≥15℃,T850≥32℃、T700≥16℃是山西省不同区域、不同风向影响时,≥35℃、≥37℃、≥40℃高温天气预报的临界值。     

Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of Snow Cover Days in Northeast China in the Past 40 Years and Their Relationship with Climatic Factors

The snow cover days were extracted out of the snow data on depth distribution from 1979 to 2016 in China, combined with temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunlight and wind speed and other meteorological data, by taking advantage of traditional statistical methods and GIS spatial analysis methods, to study the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of snow cover days in northeast China region in the past 40 years, and to analyze their relationship with climatic factors. It turned out that the average annual snow cover days were 93 d in northeast China region, having an increasing trend, the rate was 0.6 d/10a, and the maximum average annual snow cover days appeared in 2013. Snow cover days in spring dominate the changes of the average snow days all year around. The snow cover days in northeast China region were affected by latitude, geography and land-sea thermal difference, which gradually decreased from north to south, and the maximum value appeared in the Da Hinggan area. Precipitation, humidity and snow cover days are positive correlation, and temperature, wind speed and sunlight are negative correlation. The correlation between climatic elements and snow cover days is as follows: temperature>humidity>wind speed>sunlight>precipitation. The influence of climatic elements on the seasonally frozen ground region is more significant than that in the permafrost region. The results show that temperature is the main factor that affects the average annual snow cover days in northeast China region.     

近45年湖北省雷电日数的时空变化特征分析

采用1961～2005年湖北省71个气象台站常规地面气象观测资料,对该省雷电日数的时空变化特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:湖北省年雷电日数在23～53d,年平均雷电日数为36d;通过小波分析发现,湖北省1980年以前为雷电相对较多时期,1980年以后为雷电相对较少时期;一年中任何一天都有可能出现雷电天气,平均初雷日在2月下旬,终雷日在10月上旬;春季和夏季雷电日数占全年雷电日数的88.5%,秋、冬季占全年雷电日数的11.5%;雷电日数月际变化呈双峰型,主峰、次峰分别出现在7月和4月;一年中7月、8月雷电日数最多,约占全年雷电日数的47%;鄂西南、鄂东地区年雷电日数最多,属高雷区,其它地区属多雷区;近45年湖北省雷电日数呈现明显减少趋势,平均初雷日有所推迟,平均终雷日则有所提早。     

乌鲁木齐市1955—2007年日照特征变化分析

利用乌鲁木齐市1955—2007年逐月日照时数以及与日照变化相关的≥0．1mm降水日数、雾日数等实测资料,运用一元线性回归、Mann—Kendall等方法分析了乌鲁木齐市日照的变化特征及影响日照减少的可能气象因素。结果发现：乌鲁木齐市日照呈减少趋势,其中秋季日照时数减少比较显著,突变检验的结果表明年日照时数在1976年发生了突变,之后年日照时数逐渐减少。日照时数和≥0．1mm降水日数、雾日数具有很好相关性,说明日照时数减少可能受降水日数、雾日数的影响。     

拉萨5mm以上降水日数与旱涝的关系

运用Ｚ指数法对拉萨历年汛期（６￣９月）的旱涝等级进行划分;并分析了实际日降水量≥５ｍｍ日数、相当日降水量≥５ｍｍ日数与旱涝等级的关系。结果表明：Ｚ指数法所划分的旱涝等级与实际情况吻合;相当日降水量≥５ｍｍ日数不仅对汛期雨水的丰欠具有决定性的作用,而且与旱涝等级有着极好的相关性。     

Spatial distribution of canine faeces in Buenos Aires suburbs: implications for public health

Canine faecal contamination contributes to environmental degradation and increases the exposure of humans – mainly children – to helminth infections. We studied the magnitude and spatial distribution of faecal contamination on the pavements of two neighbourhoods representative of Buenos Aires suburbs. The pavements of a low-income neighbourhood (LIN) and a middle-income neighbourhood (MIN) were selected at random. Field maps including all substrates and objects observed on each pavement were drawn, viewed from above, on millimetre paper at 1:100 scale. Data were then loaded into a geographic information system (GIS) Arc View 3.1 with a digitiser board. The spatial distribution of faeces and its association with substrates or standing elements were analysed at three scales: substrate, pavement and neighbourhood.
Permeable substrate cover was higher in LIN (75%) than in MIN (35%). The faeces were not homogeneously distributed on the substrates. In both neighbourhoods, the substrates with >50 per cent grass cover showed a significantly higher proportion of faeces than those with <50 per cent grass cover, bare soil and tile. At pavement scale, the number of faeces on pavements was not related to either the number of trees, posts and domiciled dogs in the block, or with the number of faeces and percentage cover of each substrate. At patch scale, substrate patches with faeces were larger than those without faeces. Patches with faeces did not differ in shape between neighbourhoods and were more regularly shaped than patches without faeces.
The spatial distribution of faeces relative to each other was almost random, even when analysed in relation to trees or standing objects. Strategies for the sustainable control of this problem are suggested.     

"三伏"的气候学定义和区划

三伏由秦汉时盛行的五行学说延伸而来,主要指中原地区气候上一年中最闷热的一段时期.利用1960~2004年我国范围内432站观测的逐日最低(Tmin)、最高气温(Tmax)和湿度值构建人体舒适度指数(THI),并分三伏区、准三伏区、潜在三伏区和非三伏区辨识了我国的气候三伏特征及其在时间上的跃变,得到华北、江淮和江南3个地...     

广西霜冻与北太平洋海温关系分析

根据月平均北太平洋海温资料集,应用相关、回归和逐步判别方法,分析了北太平洋海温对广西霜日、霜冻的影响,建立了海温对广西霜日及霜冻的影响模型.