Programme of the Galactic meridian: Star counts and galactic models. 1. Distributions of stellar magnitudes and colours

A comparison of observed stellar distributions with a three-component model of the Galaxy is presented. The analysis is based on photometric and photoelectric data obtained along the main Galactic meridian and in two fields near the North Galactic pole (programme MEGA). The assumed model considers the Galaxy as composed of the disk (main sequence and disk red giants), the thick disk and spheroid populations. To model the observed colour distribution, we distinguish main sequence stars and disk red giants as the disk subsystem; white dwarfs, subdwarfs and intermediate giants as the thick disk subsystem; extreme subdwarfs, spheroid giants and horizontal branch stars as the spheroid subsystem. A statistical relation between the apparent and absolute magnitudes of stars which make the maximum contribution to the star counts for a given disk subsystem is derived. In order to achieve the best agreement between the model and observations, we fit the values of the ‘dip’ (aw) of the disk luminosity function, the correction to the absolute magnitude of disk red giants (ΔM_V^RG) and the expression for interstellar extinction. As the main result, we obtained aw = 0.6 (logarithmic scale) and ΔM_V^RG = 0.5 mag; the interstellar extinction has to be taken into account by the modified Sandage law.     

应用物种敏感性分布评价中国湖泊水体中重金属污染的生态风险

为总体了解我国主要湖泊水体重金属污染现状与生态风险,本文通过历史数据收集,利用物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型与主成分分析法,分析了我国18个湖泊或水域中6种重金属(Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg和Pb)的分布情况以及其对湖泊淡水生物的潜在生态风险(PAF)和联合生态风险(ms PAF).结果表明:在18湖泊中,6种重金属在湖泊水体中的浓度由高至低依次为Zn(均值为17.06μg/L,范围为4.03~29.33μg/L)、Pb(均值为9.33μg/L,范围为0.04~33.7μg/L)、Cr(均值为5.56μg/L,范围为0.65~40.0μg/L)、Cu(均值为3.71μg/L,范围为0.02~10.2μg/L)、Cd(均值为1.17μg/L,范围为0.01~13.6μg/L)和Hg(均值为0.19μg/L,范围为0.03~1.04μg/L);18个湖泊中重金属的分布情况由3个主成分反映,F1(Cu、Zn、Hg)、F2(Pb、Cd)和F3(Cr、Cu)的贡献率分别为28.50%、24.17%和18.40%,其分布情况受经济和地域差异影响较小;SSD模型显示,不同重金属对全部淡水生物的HC5值不同,从小到大依次为CuCrHgCdPbZn,淡水生物对重金属Cu的敏感性最高,对重金属Zn的敏感性最低;将选取的18个湖泊按ms PAF排序,由高到低依次为呼伦湖(67.0%)鲁湖(56.7%)洱海(52.7%)金银湖(52.3%)太湖(40.5%)墨水湖(39.3%)滆湖(30.2%)鄱阳湖(26.8%)洪泽湖(23.1%)高宝卲伯湖(22.4%)巢湖(20.7%)乌梁素海(19.7%)东湖(19.1%)梁子湖(4.0%)汤逊湖(2.0%)洞庭湖(1%)洪湖(0)=骆马湖(0).研究结果对于了解我国淡水湖泊水质现状和环境安全风险具有重要意义,为湖泊的进一步保护与管理提供了一定的科学依据.     

湖光岩玛珥湖水体中营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素

湖光岩玛珥湖是世界上最大的玛珥湖,它几乎是封闭的,受外界的干扰小.目前有关玛珥湖的研究主要集中在古气候及生态环境研究方面,而有关玛珥湖营养盐在一年中的生物地球化学循环的研究较少,因此研究湖光岩玛珥湖营养盐的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义.于2015年10月-2016年9月对湖光岩玛珥湖全水柱的营养盐及其他相关参数进行逐月调查,分析营养盐的结构特征、垂直分布特征和时间变化情况,并讨论营养盐时空变化的影响因素.结果表明,湖光岩玛珥湖水中的无机氮（DIN）以铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）为主（>60%）,其次是硝态氧（NO₃^--N）,亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）所占比利最低.湖光岩玛珥湖水中的硅酸盐（SiO₃^2--Si）浓度较高,水体浮游植物生长受磷限制.冬季风期间,水体垂直混合较均匀,导致营养盐的垂直分布比较均匀;夏季风期间,水体层化,营养盐浓度在浅层水体较低,在深层水体较高.湖光岩玛珥湖表层水中的NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N和SiO₃^2--Si具有明显的时间变化规律：NO₃^--N浓度从10月-次年3月升高,从3-9月降低;NH₄⁺-N浓度从10月-次年5月降低;SiO₃^2--Si浓度从11月-次年5月降低,从5-9月持续升高.营养盐浓度的时间变化受有机质的矿化分解、水体的季节性混合、浮游植物的吸收、降雨的输入等多种因素的综合影响.     

崇明岛河网浮游植物和无机、有机氮的时空分布特征

为研究崇明岛河网浮游植物和无机、有机氮的时空分布特征及其相互关系,于2014年1、4、7和10月在崇明岛河网内选取界河、堡镇港、八滧港3条河道9个采样点采集浮游植物和表层水样,并选取崇西水闸作为对照点进行研究.结果表明:河网内浮游植物以绿藻和硅藻为主,其中水闸和堡镇港夏季裸藻生物量所占比例超过50%.八滧港总溶解性氮(TDN)的主要组分是溶解性无机氮,而水闸、界河和堡镇港溶解性有机氮(DON)在TDN中的比例在夏、秋季低于冬、春季,农田土壤释放可能是DON的重要来源.水温、溶解氧和化学需氧量是影响铵态氮浓度变化的重要环境因素.此外,通过冗余分析发现,铵态氮影响绿藻和裸藻分布,尿素影响甲藻分布.     

基于空间化技术对中国近50年平均气温时空演变特征的研究

结合GIS空间化技术,对中国近50年平均气温数据进行定量化的分析,并分析其时空演变规律。采用空间化气候值 年际距平空间插值法生成中国1951—2001年分辨率为10 km×10 km的年、季平均气温空间化数据,通过对近50年空间化数据的分析,认为近50年中,年、季的全国平均气温都表现出显著增温趋势,冬季增幅最大,为0.313℃/10a,夏季增幅最小,为0.152℃/10a,年平均气温增幅为0.208℃/10a。1980年代中期以后增温趋势更加明显。从空间分布看,我国西南地区及西藏东南部和新疆西天山中段在不同季节都是主要的降温区域,而北方大部和西藏中西部地区在不同季节都表现为较强的增温趋势,我国东南地区在不同季节温度变化并不稳定,增温或降温的幅度都很小。暖冬事件在北方发生比较频繁,四川及云南部分地区较少,全国发生面积呈逐渐增大的趋势,增幅为国土面积的8.6%/10a。冷夏在新疆南部、西藏西北部和东南部以及江淮一带发生次数较多,辽宁南部、新疆沙漠地区、西藏中部、青海东部、四川大部分地区以及长江以南广大地区最少。全国发生冷夏的面积不断减小,50年平均减幅约为国土面积的5.8%/10a。     

胶州湾沉积岩心化学元素聚集特征

本文对胶州湾沉积岩心B3、C2、C4、B6、D4和D6进行了210^Pb放射活度的测定,在相应的岩层测定了化学元素Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na、Rb、Sr和V。结果表明,^210Pb的分布模式反映了胶州湾不同区域沉积速率和沉积环境。胶州湾沉积岩心中化学元素Ca、K、Li、Mg、Na、Rb、Sr、和V的垂直分布,在不同的区域和不同的地层年代都有明显的变化。胶州湾现在和过去沉积过程中化学元素的聚集速率发生了明显的变化,揭示了采样站位物质来源和沉积环境。反映了近百年来人类工农业活动对胶州湾环境的影响。     

Hydrographic conditions in the Tsushima Strait revisited

Long-term averaged temperature and salinity distributions in the Tsushima Strait are investigated on the basis of a concurrent dataset of the eastern and western channels during 1971–2000. Both temperature and salinity show a clear seasonal variation with weak and strong stratifications in December–April and June–October, respectively. The largest standard deviations occur in summer around the thermocline for temperature and in the surface layer for salinity. This indicates large interannual variability in the development of a thermocline and low salinity water advection from the East China Sea. The water masses in both channels are distinctly different from each other; the water in the western channel is generally colder and fresher than that in the eastern channel throughout the year. Baroclinic transport based on the density distributions shows a seasonal variation with a single peak in August for the eastern channel and double peaks in April and August for the western channel. However, this cannot explain the seasonal variation in the total volume transport estimated from the sea level differences across the channels. The spatial distribution of baroclinic transport shows a year-round negative transport towards the East China Sea behind the Iki Island in the eastern part of the eastern channel. This negative transport reflects the baroclinic structure between the offshore Tsushima Current Water and cold coastal water. The corresponding southwestward currents are found in both Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and high frequency (HF) radars observations.     

深圳东部近岸海域溶解氧的时空分布特征

根据2012—2016年的9个浮标自动监测数据, 分析了深圳东部近岸海域溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征及其与主要水质参数的相关关系。结果表明, 大亚湾海域溶解氧浓度含量在2.15~14.86mg·L^-1之间, 平均值为7.31mg·L^-1, 大鹏湾海域整体表层溶解氧浓度范围为1.43~15.61mg·L^-1, 平均值为7.13mg·L^-1; 在时间分布上, 深圳东部海域溶解氧含量呈现白天高于夜间, 春、夏、秋季低, 冬季高的趋势; 在空间分布上, 深圳东部海域溶解氧含量呈现出夏秋季大亚湾高于大鹏湾, 春冬季大亚湾和大鹏湾相差不大的特点。Pearson相关性分析表明, 该海区溶解氧含量与温度、盐度、浊度及叶绿素a存在显著的线性相关性, 且相关关系呈现出随季节变化的差异性。     

The vertical distributions and sources of PAHs in sediment of Xiamen Bay

INTRODUCTIONTheindustrialdevelopmentandrisingpopulationintheXiamencoastalzonearelikelytoresultinincreasingpollutantsloadingwhichcanaffecttheoceanicecosystemsenvironmentthereandthreatenhumanhealth .PAHs ,asgoodenvironmentpollutionindicators(Aizenshat,1 973 ;Randahl,1 983 ) ,arerela tivelystableinairandwater,andarewidelydistributedintheaquaticenvironmentasaresultofhumanactivities.ProposedprimarysourcesofPAHsincludecombustionofvariousfossilfuels,nat uralfires,roadrunoff streetdustaswellas…     

Coal seam development characteristics and distribution predictions in marginal sea basins: Oligocene Yacheng Formation coal measures,Qiongdongnan Basin,northern region of the South China Sea

Abstract

Coal measures located in marginal sea basins are important hydrocarbon source rocks. For the purpose of effectively guiding future oil and gas exploration, the characteristics and distribution patterns of coal seams in coal measures of a marginal sea basin are systematically outlined. Coal measures in marginal sea basins can have large thicknesses, but the individual coal seams can be very thin and lack lateral continuity. In the study area, the organic micro-components of the coal are dominated by vitrinite, with very low amounts of inertinite and liptinite. The amount of inorganic microscopic components is large, but with limited drilling results, few cores and thin coal seams, which are easily overlooked during logging activities, a comprehensive analysis of the logging data may improve efficiency in coal-seam identification and thickness determination. The development and distribution of coal seams in marginal sea basins are controlled by various factors, including (1) paleoclimatic and paleobotanic conditions, which could fundamentally limit coal formation, (2) coal-forming sedimentary environmental conditions that may limit the scope of coal-seam development from a macroscopic perspective, and (3) paleotectonic and paleotopographic conditions that define the coal-forming structures. Therefore, the descending and rising cycles of base-levels, along with changes in the growth rates of the accommodation spaces, can be used to determine the horizons that are potentially favourable for coal formation and can also indicate the migration trends of coal-forming environments on the structural plane. Seismic wave impedance inversion methods could be utilised for semi-quantitative assistance for prediction of coal seams. In summary, for models of coal-seam development in marginal sea basins, the grades should be divided according to reliability, and the different reliability levels should be predicted separately.

1. The characteristics of coal seams developed in marginal sea basins are described.

2. The macerals of coals developed in marginal sea basins have been ascertained.

3. A development model and distribution prediction method for coal seams are assessed according to the control factors.

4. A model for the prediction of coal-seam distribution is presented.