用含高色散性Boussinesq方程模拟潜堤上的波浪变形

基于一种高阶Boussiensq方程(刘忠波等,2004),采用预报-校正格式的有限差分法对该方程进行了数值离散,建立了数值模型。针对动量方程中三阶项的差分形式,采用了迎风格式和五点格式。通过数值模拟常水深下不同周期波浪传播变形,指出迎风格式在计算小周期波浪时存在的问题。为进一步验证数值模型的适用性,模拟了淹没潜堤上的传播变形。从数值结果与实验值的对比结果上看,该数值模型能较好地模拟波浪变形,可用于模拟实际中的波浪场问题。     

大气激光雷达气溶胶光学参数质量可信度评估算法

气溶胶激光雷达由于系统设计、观测场地气候条件、反演过程中参数选取等因素不同,每次测量反演得到的气溶胶光学参数质量不一致,可信度难以评估,进而极大地影响了其在气象、环保等领域业务化应用。为了解决该难题,本文分析了影响激光雷达气溶胶光学参数质量的因素,开发了一套气溶胶光学参数质量可信度评估算法。采用科学、合理的评分和权重分配方案对激光雷达每次测量反演得到的气溶胶光学参数质量可信度进行评估。本文主要讨论对偏振、米散射激光雷达气溶胶光学参数的质量评估,以中国气象局气象探测中心的波长为532 nm的偏振、米散射激光雷达为例,对所提出的质量可信度评估算法进行验证和分析。结果表明:该算法能够有效地区分出不同激光雷达在不同观测场景下每次测量反演得到的气溶胶光学参数质量可信度,具备为气溶胶激光雷达业务化应用提供可靠性评估的能力。     

一种基于Roe格式的有限体积法在二维溃坝问题中的应用

溃坝属于典型的非恒定含间断的浅水问题。应用有限体积法离散二维浅水控制方程的守恒型方程组,将基于近似黎曼解的Roe格式用于数值计算溃坝问题,并利用MUSCL方法构造二阶空间积分格式和预测-校正二步法构造二阶时间格式,从而使数值解的整体达到二阶,提高了精度。文中算法在一维溃坝的Stoker问题的数值结果与解析解进行对比,结果证明了此方法的可行性。应用此方法在二维溃坝问题上的结果,说明了此算法可有效模拟溃坝水流的演进过程。     

沙氏指数计算方案探讨

从沙氏指数的物理定义出发,给出了计算沙氏指数的4种方案并进行了误差分析。A方案没有考虑水汽凝结潜热,计算结果误差大;B方案虽然考虑水汽凝结潜热,但计算方法没有考虑湿绝热线的曲率等问题,计算结果虽优于A方案,但误差仍较大;C方案不仅考虑水汽凝结潜热,并从计算方法上作了改进,不仅考虑了湿绝热线的曲率等问题,同时避免了由气压直接求取气温造成误差较大的问题,计算结果优于A、B方案,比较理想,可在实际工作中使用;D方案由假绝热方程经过转化求得上升气块的温度,然后算出沙氏指数,虽然精确,但计算复杂,实际应用较困难。     

Small‐scale variability in surface moisture on a fine‐grained beach: implications for modeling aeolian transport

Small‐scale variations in surface moisture content were measured on a fine‐grained beach using a Delta‐T Theta probe. The resulting data set was used to examine the implications of small‐scale variability for estimating aeolian transport potential. Surface moisture measurements were collected on a 40 cm × 40 cm grid at 10 cm intervals, providing a total of 25 measurements for each grid data set. A total of 44 grid data sets were obtained from a representative set of beach sub‐environments. Measured moisture contents ranged from about 0% (dry) to 25% (saturated), by weight. The moisture content range within a grid data set was found to vary from less than 1% to almost 15%. The magnitude of within‐grid variability varied consistently with the mean moisture content of the grid sets, following an approximately normal distribution. Both very wet and very dry grid data sets exhibited little internal variability in moisture content, while intermediate moisture contents were associated with higher levels of variability. Thus, at intermediate moisture contents it was apparent that some portions of the beach surface could be dry enough to allow aeolian transport (i.e. moisture content is below the critical threshold), while adjacent portions are too wet for transport to occur. To examine the implications of this finding, cumulative distribution functions were calculated to model the relative proportions of beach surface area expected to be above or below specified threshold moisture levels (4%, 7%, and 14%). It was found that the implicit inclusion of small‐scale variability in surface moisture levels typically resulted in changes of less than 1% in the beach area available for transport, suggesting that this parameter can be ignored at larger spatial scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Test of the Louis scheme and COARE algorithm for friction velocity in different wind-sea/swell regimes

The Louis scheme and the COARE algorithm （version 3.0） are tested against eddy covariance and inertial dissipation methods for friction velocity estimates in different wind-sea/swell regimes. Atmospheric forcing data, tabulated by Donelan et al. （1997.J Phys Oceanog, 27：2087-2099）, were collected from a mast on the foredeck of a SWATH （small water-plane area, twin hull） ship in deep sea off the State of Virginia during the surface wave dynamics experiment. These data are representative of low to moderate wind regimes. The aerodynamic roughness length is determined by using the Charnock relationship. The intercomparison shows that the Louis scheme and the COARE algorithm underestimate the friction velocity by 6% and 3% respectively under pure wind sea conditions, 15% and 13% respectively under cross swell conditions, and 21% and 17% respectively under counter swell conditions. The analysis shows that these underestimations were caused by the method chosen to determine the aerodynamic roughness length because it significantly underestimates the aerodynamic roughness length. It is especially true under the cross swell and counter swell conditions.     

循环同化相控阵雷达数据模拟对流触发同化方案研究

利用WRF-EnKF同化系统,以2020年7月5日北京大兴发生的一次强对流天气背景下对流触发过程为个例,研究同化C波段相控阵雷达数据时更优的同化方案设置。本研究从同化频率、晴空数据处理阈值以及边界层杂波处理高度3个方面进行了研究。结果显示,高频同化可以抑制虚假回波,并有利于获得更准确的对流预报结果。将可靠晴空回波识别阈值设为-10 dBZ并剔除边界层内的低值回波可以有效改进对流触发的预报效果。为以后C波段相控阵雷达同化应用提供了新的同化方案思路。     

粗糙集高分辨率遥感影像面向对象分类

面向对象的高分辨率遥感影像分类已受到研究者们的广泛关注。本文提出一种基于粗糙集理论的面向对象分类方法以区分高分辨率遥感影像上的不同地物。首先,利用基于相位一致梯度与前景标记的分水岭变换进行影像分割,提取图像斑块;然后,利用Gabor小波提取斑块的纹理特征,进而根据粗糙集理论提取纹理分类规则;最后,在对象光谱特征的初步分类结果,根据纹理分类规则得到最终结果基础上。依据粗糙集理论只能处理离散属性数据,本文重点提出一种适用于面向对象分类的连续区间属性离散化方法。实验表明本文方法可取得较好分类结果与较高分类精度。     

惯导/双星定位组合导航方案与精度分析

分析了惯导／双星定位组合的可行性;针对惯导／双星定位组合导航在飞行器上应用存在的有关问题进行了讨论,提出了可能的对策。通过不同方案的比较分析,给出了较为实用的惯导／双星定位组合导航系统设计方案,并对组合的时机和组合导航的精度进行了仿真计算和结果分析。结果表明,采用按精度要求进行惯导／双星定位位置组合,可以在某种程度上弥补双星定位导航系统为有源系统的缺点,并具有较高的精度。     

一个海气耦合模式模拟的云辐射过程

利用NCC/IAP T63海气耦合模式进行了20 a积分,详细分析了模式对云量及其辐射影响的模拟能力。结果表明,模式能够模拟出云量分布的基本特征,但同ISCCP卫星观测资料及ERA再分析资料相比还存在较大的差距,总体表现为模拟的云量偏小,尤其是海洋上部分地区出现了异常的低值区。通过对云量方案的改进,明显改善了两大洋东岸、夏半球副热带到中纬度海洋上空低云的模拟。但模式对热带印度洋到西太平洋地区云量的模拟仍然存在明显的偏差,这主要是由于模式对该地区强对流云模拟能力差,造成该地区高云模拟存在较大的误差。对辐射及其云辐射强迫的分析表明,模式对长波及其云辐射强迫的模拟要明显好于短波。短波辐射模拟的偏差主要是由于短波云辐射强迫模拟过小、耦合模式对积雪和海冰模拟较差、以及未考虑气溶胶的影响等原因共同引起的;而长波辐射模拟的差距主要是云量以及下垫面温度模拟不足造成的。相应于云量方案的改进,两大洋东岸、夏半球副热带到中纬度海洋上辐射(尤其是短波辐射)的模拟有了明显的改善,这也明显改进了这些地区的净辐射模拟。