Magnitude estimation of Koyna-Warna earthquakes, India

The paper presents the current state of magnitude estimation for Koyna earthquakes exceeding magnitude 3.0. We estimate coda duration magnitude from analogue seismograms recorded on the short period vertical (SPZ) seismometer at Hyderabad seismic observatory HYB and determine moment magnitude using very broad-band (VBB) data from the Geoscope station (HYB)and short period digital data from the local seismic network of NationalGeophysical Research Institute (NGRI) around the Koyna and Warna reservoirs.Firstly, the seismograms of 97 Koyna earthquakes exceeding magnitude 4.0 havebeen used to establish a new empirical coda duration magnitude scale which includes the higher order terms of log₁₀, where is the coda length in seconds. Four background noise levels (1, 2, 6 and 10 mm) areconsidered to estimate the coda duration. We found that the duration magnitudes for 1 mm background level are more stable than those for 2, 6 and 10 mm. The new coda duration magnitude (M_dnew) scale, for 1 mmlevel, is:M_dnew = –0.594 + 2.04 log₁₀ – 0.0435 (log₁₀)²The estimated M_dnew are compatible with the reported M_S values of the NGRI observatory and the m_b values of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). These magnitudes can be obtained within the standard deviation of ± 0.26 units of M_S (NGRI). A new relatively homogeneous catalog for Koyna earthquakes of M_dnew 4.0 is obtained. The momentmagnitudes for 34 Koyna-Warna events of M_dnew ranging from 3.0 to 5.4 have been estimated using two techniques. The first utilizes amplitudes of band-pass filtered (between 15 and 30 sec) velocity traces of moderate Koyna-Warna earthquakes of M_W} 4.4 to 5.4, we abbreviate the magnitude using M_A. The second is based on the S-wave spectrum of short period seismograms of local earthquakes (M_W < 3.8). Moment magnitudes estimated by spectral analysis mainly depend on the estimation of event's long-period spectral level and appears to saturate for moderate Koyna-Warnaearthquakes (M_W > 3.8). We recommend the use of both techniques whenever possible. The estimated moment magnitudes and M_dnew show an almost linear relationship with a standard deviation of ± 0.05.     

NONHYDROSTATIC NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR THE “96.8” EXTRAORDINARY RAINSTORM AND THE DEVELOPING STRUCTURE OF MESOSCALE SYSTEM*

During the period of 3—5 August 1996(for short "96.8"),an extraordinary rainstorm event occurred in Henan,Hebei and Shanxi Provinces in China,resulting in severe flood catastrophe.Synoptic analyses indicated that the stable gross col field and the interaction between a northward moving typhoon(down into low pressure)and its east lateral Pacific subtropical high were the large-and meso-scale circulation conditions of the "96.8" extraordinary rainstorm.The mesoscale typhoon-low and its specific dynamical and thermodynamical structures were directly related to this rainstorm event.The nonhydrostatic version of mesoscale numerical model MM5 was used to conduct investigation of numerical simulation for this case.The simulation with the full physical processes of nonhydrostatic version MM5 was basically possessed of a capability to reproduce the genesis,development and evolution of the large-scale and meso-α scale synoptic systems.The simulative results using a two-way interactive nesting procedure revealed that the typhoon-low was possessed of an intensive coupled mechanism between the dynamical and thermodynamical fields,namely,the developing typhoon-low was possessed of a structure of the.cyclonic vorticity column with warm center and high humidity,the vorticity column on the lower levels was the moist convective instability and negative moist potential vorticity structure:the intensive ascending vertical motion and the intense divergence on upper levels and intensive convergence on the lower levels as well as the development of the convective cloud cluster were intercoupling:the intense southern wind jet companied by the typhoon-low was not only the interaccompanying and intercoupling condition of the development and maintenance of the typhoon-low and convective cloud cluster,but also was the transportable belt of the moisture source and heat energy of the "96.8" extraordinary rainstorm.The analysis of simulative results of precipitation indicated that the distribution of the rainfall belt and rainfall rate was basically consistent with that of the observation in spite of some rainfall centers less or larger than those of the observation for coarse or fine mesh domain,respectively.     

分形几何在激电时间谱中的应用

本文首次把分形维技术应用到岩石激发极化时间谱资料的处理中,并建立了相应的分形分维弛豫模型,通过大量和系统的理论与实验研究,得出了一些有意义的结论和认识。     

定性地质变量分维数估计与显微地质异常

以白牛厂银多金属矿床钻孔岩心标本的高密度长序列电子探针分析数据为例,提出了定性地质时空序列变量匹配关联维数字义和分维数估计方法及分形体识别原则。     

注浆技术在治理漂浮地下工程中的应用

本文介绍了一个运用注浆技术,成功治理漂浮人防工事的工程实例,这项工程实践拓宽了注浆技术的应用领域,同时也获得了一些有价值的技术数据。     

平顶山五矿己16—17煤裂隙分形特征及其研究意义

平顶山五矿己１６－１７煤中裂隙的计盒维数法量测结果表明,分维数在１．０￣１．３之间,且距断层越近分维数值越大,为断层的预测提供了一种可供参考的定量方法;同时探讨了分维数在煤层气储层评价中应用的可能性。     

模型反演折射静校正方法及软件技术

本文叙述了模型反演折射静校正的一般原理。首先介绍了折射初至波的自动拾取,其次介绍了最佳拟合旅行时反演。在软件实现中本文提出了几项技术包括提高初至拾取的准确率及初至结果的质量评价,如何使系统对不同地震数据格式具有通用性;静校效果的初步评估。本文的方法和技术在实际生产应用中广泛使用。     

Fractal Features and Computer Simulation of Fan-Shaped Sedimentary Bodies in Faulted Basins

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扫描电子显微镜下放射虫化石制样方法的探讨

讨论了为获得放射虫化石的高质量的二次电子图像所采用的试样制备方法。通过多次试验,认为放射虫化石的表面导电处理应采用碳金双层镀膜法。在放射虫化石表面先蒸镀一层１０～２０ｎｍ厚的碳膜,然后根据放射虫化石的形态和表面结构的不同,溅射厚度不同的金膜;钟罩形、塔形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在６０～８０ｎｍ,带刺的球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在８０～１４０ｎｍ,球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在１４０～２００ｎｍ。     

分形统计模型的理论研究及其在地质学中的应用

本文提出了一般分形模型和一般分维数的概念,认为许多地质模型是一般分形模型的特例,指出幂函数分布和帕累托分布是分形统计模型的数学基础,论证了幂函数分布在高端截尾条件下具有尺度不变的分形性质,根据非线性回归模型参数估计的方法,提出了求分维数的新方法,该方法具有许多优点。通过在计算机上产生随机数对分形统计模型进行模拟研究,以及通过实例说明分形统计模型应用的方法及步骤,并解释了分维数的实际意义。