继承性构造与新生构造并存的时空发育特征及其油气勘探意义

中国及邻区大陆是经多期造山运动形成的复合大陆,后期构造可分为继承性构造和新生构造两种。两者在空间上的并存关系较为复杂,新生构造发育的强度可因地而异。东部新生代盆地(如苏北和渤海湾盆地),北东向构造属继承性构造,北北东向构造是新生构造,油气勘探的优选靶区是叠加在继承性构造之上的新生构造。中—东部的中生代盆地(如二连和鄱阳盆地)的油气勘探,除了寻找叠加在继承性构造之上的新生构造外,还应注意新生构造的发育引起的油气调整或晚期次生成藏。海相沉积盆地常上叠有陆相沉积盆地,因而发育多期多方向的新生构造并分别控制了岩性油藏和构造油藏的形成,如四川盆地东北部的两期(北西向和北东向)新生构造。以构造为主线,加强新生构造的解析并结合"源"、"运"和"聚"的研究,"盆"山"耦合理论将在生产实践中进一步显现其指导意义。     

Expanding networks for the urban poor: Water and telecommunications services in Lima, Peru

In many cities of the developing world, poor residents occupy land and build their dwellings before infrastructure is provided. Expanding the infrastructure networks for the poor is a long, expensive and complicated affair. Before the 1990s, the public sector was generally in charge of the basic services; but these services have been liberalized and, in many cases, privatized since then. In this new context, a relevant question is: have these reforms contributed to urban integration? Or, on the contrary, have they contributed to deepen urban fragmentation? This study presents the case of water and telecommunications services in Lima, Peru, the most contested and politically sensitive urban sectors. The objective is to test Graham and Marvin’s claims about the splintering of networked infrastructures expressed in Splintering Urbanism.The findings show that the reforms have improved the situation at aggregate level, but there is still no sustainable solution for the crucial dilemma of cities with high poverty restrictions: self-financed network expansions versus service affordability. The diverging paths of the utilities reform in Lima illustrate that privatization is not the main issue in the discussion to expand the networks for the poor. The main conclusion is that sensible policies complemented with carefully targeted subsidies and continuous regulation can successfully provide water for all. Good governance practices at the urban level help to achieve this goal. Water and telecommunications in Lima also show that are no general solutions for the universalization of the services; each city is different and some sectors are much more complex and problematic than others. This demands careful and continuous technical and political consideration of the local circumstances to reform the utilities.     

The El Niño Southern Oscillation and economic growth in the developing world

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather around the globe, particularly in regions where developing countries typically lie. These countries are known to be most vulnerable to weather anomalies, and ENSO thereby has the potential to influence their economic growth. In this study, we investigate the effect of ENSO on economic growth in 69 developing countries, using annual data from 1961 to 2015. We find regime-dependent nonlinearity in the growth response to ENSO shocks. An El Niño event, equivalent to a 1 °C deviation in sea surface temperatures in the Niño3.4 region of the equatorial Pacific, results in one-to-two percent annual growth reduction during the El Niño regime, but the effect is absent during the La Niña regime. In addition, we find that the effect of El Niño is twice-as-large in the tropics relative to temperate areas, and particularly pronounced in Africa and Asia-Pacific. The findings of this study have two important implications. From the modeling standpoint, we find that the growth impacts of ENSO shocks are nonlinear, and vary across regions and climatic zones. From the policy-making standpoint, our findings suggest opportunities for short-term adjustments to climate shock management and international aid programs, depending on the existing state and the intermediate-term patterns of the ENSO cycle.     

Experiences and issues of using cellular automata for assisting urban and regional planning in China

Since the late 1990s, there are growing studies on the development of cellular automata (CA) as a simulation tool for assisting urban and regional planning in China. Rapid urban development is the main reason that this country has become one of the best places to test the methodology of CA and analyze the effectiveness of using these models. This paper attempts to summarize the experiences and issues of using CA to solve various environmental and planning problems in China. The analysis is based on the literature review using the search engines of ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar. These experiences could be important for those who want to apply CA in developing countries. For example, which environmental and ecological problems can be solved by using this bottom-up approach? What are the data inputs to these models and how can they be calibrated? Our analyses indicate that CA have the great potential to support land-use planning and policy analysis for fast-growing regions. Some specific features of using CA in China are also identified in the literature review, including delineation of urban growth boundary, prevention of illegal development and formulating zoning schemes. The CA studies in this fast-growing country provided valuable experiences for other developing countries to solve a series of simulation and planning problems by using this bottom-up approach.     

Challenges to the development of carbon markets in China

China has introduced several pilot emission trading schemes to build the basis for a national scheme. The potential scale of this initiative raises prospects for a regional carbon trading network as a way to further engage other major Asian economies. However, the Chinese carbon markets rest upon a unique political-economic context and institutional environment that are likely to limit their development and viability. This article offers an overview of such structural economic and political constraints. Four main challenges are identified, namely, inadequate domestic demand, limited financial involvement, incomplete regulatory infrastructure, and excessive government intervention. The first two challenges concern economic dimensions and may be partially addressed by the incentives created by the newly introduced emission trading schemes. The other two are more deeply entrenched in the dominant political system and governing practice. They require fundamental changes to the ways in which the state and the market interact. The success of China's carbon market reform depends crucially on the ability of the ongoing efforts to transform the distorted state–market relationship.

Policy relevance

The burgeoning carbon markets offer opportunities for emissions mitigation at lower costs and enable circulation of a new form of capital, i.e. carbon credits, across borders. China accounts for a gigantic share of global GHG emissions and has the potential to significantly scale up these opportunities. There are clear implications for market developers and participants worldwide, including climate policy makers who attempt to link their emission trading schemes to other schemes, firms who seek to take advantage of the inexpensive carbon offsets generated in developing countries, international financial institutions who endeavour to establish their business in an emerging major carbon market, etc. This article can inform their decisions by identifying key issues that may undermine their ability to achieve these goals. Policy makers and stakeholders will benefit from this analysis, which shows how the Chinese carbon markets operate in ways that may be different from their experience elsewhere.     

The role of voluntary commitments in realizing the promise of the Blue Economy

Voluntary (or non-binding) commitments offer an action-oriented mechanism for addressing interconnected, complex and pressing issues. Though not designed to replace negotiated or binding outcomes, voluntary commitments can offer a critical tool in currently ungoverned or under-governed systems. The Blue Economy is an example of a rapidly evolving agenda where formal governance arrangements are at best nascent, in part due to the trans-border nature of issues and prominent involvement of multiple types of actors. As such voluntary commitments provide an important mechanism through which to monitor the evolution of the concept and identify gaps or shortfalls in its implementation. Our analysis of global voluntary commitments on the Blue Economy made to recent high-profile ocean futures meetings, found a trend towards capacity development, research, and investment in emerging and larger scale sectors such as offshore aquaculture and renewable energy. A concurrent focus was on securitizing, regulating or diverting effort from historically significant fisheries sectors. European organizations are playing a dominant role in Blue Economy commitments, with a notable absence of commitments from major Blue Economy powers such as China and India. We identify a number of gaps and shortfalls, particularly in relation to active consideration of social equity in the Blue Economy. We identify a range of recommendations on how these deficiencies may be addressed through a greater focus on a broader suite of objectives and a more inclusive approach to ocean meetings.     

剑河县地质灾害发育特征及成因

本文主要阐述了剑河县滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害发育特征及形成原因,并针对存在的地质灾害隐患提出了防治措施及建议,以促进当地地质环境和经济建设的可持续协调发展。     

The Politically Incorrect Mutual Fund: A Web-based Activity Focusing on Transnational and the Environment

Abstract

Geographers are challenged to find tools to enhance students' appreciation of the environmental implications of the development process. This paper discusses a novel method of engaging students in the analysis of the environmental impacts of transnational corporations (TNCs) by having them create a “politically incorrect mutual fund.” The goal is for students to determine whether it is financially rewarding to invest in the stocks of TNCs with poor environmental records in developing countries compared to the returns possible from other types of investments, including socially responsible mutual funds. The project involves intensive student use of the World Wide Web, including creation of their own Web sites.     

2001年—2009年中国及周边国家土地利用/覆盖变化分析

土地利用/覆盖变化能一定程度上反映国土开发变化特征,如何将传统的土地利用/覆盖变化研究与面向周边的国家区域发展战略相结合,成为土地利用/覆盖变化研究的新问题。基于研究区2001年、2009年两期M0DIS土地利用/土地覆盖数据,对土地利用/覆盖变化的格局、过程、驱动力进行了分析,进而提出了未来双边合作的方向。结果表明:2001年-2009年期间,除了水域和林地面积减少以外,草地、耕地、建设用地、未利用地面积都是增加的;除全球环境变化等自然因素外,国家政策、人口增长、经济发展等人类因素是土地利用/覆盖变化的主要驱动力。未来我国应注重与俄罗斯、印度、哈萨克斯坦等周边国家在森工、农牧业、边贸往来等领域的开发合作,维护边疆稳定,实现双边共赢发展。     

从北极国家的北极政策剖析北极科技发展趋势

由于气候变化影响、地区经济潜力、以及地缘政治意义,北极迅速成为北极各国乃至北半球国家关注的焦点。自2006年底以来,挪威、俄罗斯、美国、加拿大、芬兰、冰岛、瑞典和丹麦等北极八国陆续推出了新的北极政策。各国在阐述北极主权、资源利用、生态环境保护、社会经济发展和原住民权利的同时,强调了科学研究和科技发展在当地生态环境保护和经济可持续发展中的重要作用,并对科研优先领域进行了不同程度的阐述,以引导各国的北极科技发展并服务于自身的北极权益。本文依据北极各国新近发布的北极政策,综合分析北极科技发展重点和趋势,同时结合我国已有的北极考察和合作基础,提出了我国的北极科技发展建议。