我国交通设施沿线固沙措施与技术研究综述

流沙是我国沙漠化主要成因之一。本文简要回顾了我国北方沙漠及受沙漠化影响的干旱半干旱地区为保护交通线路而采取的固沙措施和技术,包括工程措施、化学措施和生物措施,主要介绍了这些措施和技术的类型及特点,以及近60年间(1950–2010年)其在不同地区不同交通线路中的应用,包括包兰线、塔里木沙漠公路和青藏铁路沿线的防风固沙。工程措施,如建挡风墙和铺设沙障,在沙漠交通线的防风固沙中非常有效。化学措施因成本高和对环境可能造成的污染风险而应用并不普遍。生物措施比工程和化学措施成本更高,但因其效果好且防护持续时间长而得到推崇。在一些地方,几种措施组合的固沙效果更好。工程措施对沙面的固定以及有条件的地方用地下水或河水灌溉有助于旱生植物的早期定植。本文最后指出了固沙措施和技术的局限性以及未来研究方向。本文对解决蒙古高原受沙漠和沙漠化影响的干旱和半干旱地区与"一带一路"倡议相关的基础设施建设的生态环境问题具有重要意义。     

1975-2015年鄂尔多斯市沙漠化的时空演变过程

鄂尔多斯市地处温带草原向荒漠草原过渡的半干旱区,是中国沙漠化问题较为严重的区域之一,其土地沙漠化发展和逆转过程及影响因素在北方农牧交错带具有代表性。以7期Landsat卫星遥感数据为信息源提取沙漠化土地类型及程度的时空格局信息,分析了该地区自1975年以来的土地沙漠化过程,并结合气象及社会经济数据采用主成分分析法对驱动因子进行定量分析。结果表明：在脆弱生态环境背景下,鄂尔多斯市土地沙漠化受人口数量增加、过垦及过牧等人为因素的严重影响。不同时段土地沙漠化发展的方向与驱动力都有所不同,1975-2000年是土地沙漠化的急剧发展期,驱动力以人为因素为主导,自然因素为基础;2000-2015年是土地沙漠化的逆转期,驱动力以自然因素为主,人为因素为辅。     

2000—2015年中国荒漠化土地识别和监测

荒漠化是生态退化的极端表现形式,包括气候变异和人类活动在内的种种因素造成的干旱、半干旱和亚湿润干旱区的土地退化。快速和准确地识别中国荒漠化地区,是防范和治理荒漠化的关键。针对2000-2015年我国陆地生态系统NPP的变化趋势、稳定性和荒漠化敏感性进行了综合分析,构建了识别荒漠化土地的技术方法。结果表明：（1）近16 a以来,我国内蒙古阴山以南、新疆天山以北、西藏阿里地区、长江以南大部地区,植被净初级生产力均出现了不同程度的下降趋势,且一半以上的区域处于植被生态系统不稳定状况;在全国56.2%的国土属于荒漠化敏感区内,上述区域容易受气候、自然条件、人为干扰等影响而发生荒漠化。（2）2000年以来,我国土地荒漠化退化区域面积约20.74×10⁴ km²,占国土总面积的2.16%。主要为五大分布区域,即内蒙古高原中部的典型草原和荒漠化草原区、新疆天山-阿尔泰山山地草原区、新疆塔里木河下游的温带荒漠和绿洲区、青藏高原的阿里-昆仑山高寒荒漠区、青海省的青南山高寒草原区。（3）荒漠化进程伴随有生产力下降、植被盖度降低和地表温度不断攀升的地表关键参数演变特征,荒漠化的形成受气候影响显著,降雨的减少是造成土地荒漠化进程突出的主要因素;人类活动、不合理的种植业、畜牧业等在一定程度上对土地荒漠化起到推动作用。     

Ecological compensation for desertification control: A review

Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper, (1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed; (2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource- environment basis and policy orientation; (3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed; (4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control.     

Desertification in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

The problem of land degradation in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is not a new phenomenon, but during the last decade it has grown to be a serious threat to the delicate desert ecosystems, and also to the urban and industrial areas, due to an increase in sand movement. The area under investigation is situated on the Gulf coast north of Jubail and is approximately 20 km in width centered along the coastline. The total area is almost 1000 km². Eight vegetation types were classified according to the dominant and co-dominant species. A comparative study of the vegetation in a fenced, non-grazed area and in an open grazed area showed that the impact of grazing and recreational activities have largely reduced the value of the rangelands. The reduction in species diversity and density leads to an increase in wind and sand dynamics. Exposed roots, giant ripples, changes in the extension of inland sabkhas and new active dunes could be observed in many parts of the study area. It could be proved that most inland sabkhas in the area are pure deflational features with considerable dynamic due to the reduction in vegetation cover during the recent years. The monitoring of vegetation density was carried out during helicopter flights with the help of GPS and a video camera. Image processing on a personal computer allowed accurate calculations of vegetation density. Observations on active dune fields in the area showed that the size of the dune fields almost doubled in 15 months. Tests in small enclosures showed that there is a potential for natural recovery even in severely damaged areas. In just one year without grazing and with average precipitation there is a significant difference in vegetation cover. Strict grazing management and camping regulations are required to prevent further degradation and allow the recovery of damaged ecosystems. Community involvement and education is necessary for the development of an understanding of regulations and the need for preservation.     

遥感技术在山区土地荒漠化评价中的应用--以东川市为例

通过遥感数字图像统计分析与处理,确定了分类图,沟谷图,绿度指数图是评价山区土地荒漠化的有效图象,进行了沟谷指标,绿度指数分级,肯定了遥感技术应用于山区土地荒漠化评价的可能性。     

沙产业理论内涵探讨

对沙产业的形成过程、理论内涵进行了探讨和界定,认为沙产业的理论是沙漠和沙漠化地区可持续发展的理论,并初步阐明了沙产业的理论体系中贯穿的3条基本理论主线:以沙漠化防治、水资源合理利用为主要内容的沙产业理论;以农业工业化为内核的沙产业经济理论以及以技术引进、创新和推广应用为主要内容的传播理论。从理论上丰富和扩展了沙产业的理论,使其具有更加鲜明的理论内涵和实践意义。     

刍议我国的荒漠化与可持续发展

我国是世界上受荒漠化危害最为严重的国家与地区之一,荒漠化是危及我国可持续发展的重要因素。从我国荒漠化的基本状况与特点;荒漠化的发生、发展对可持续发展的主要危害;荒漠化与可持续发展的关系等方面进行了探讨与分析,提出了近期我国开展荒漠化防治,实现可持续发展的基本对策是：转变观念,树立正确的荒漠化防治指导思想;尽快开展全国性大规模荒漠化防治工程建设;制定和实行优惠政策,推动荒漠化防治工程建设的顺利开展;依靠科技进步,加强示范建设,提高防治荒漠化的速度与成效。     

半荒漠风沙区土地沙漠化生物整治技术的研究

试验证明,土地沙漠化生物整治技术能在半荒漠风沙区取得显著的作用和效果。在柠条、毛条、花棒、杨柴、沙木蓼等灌木树种的适生立地上营造防风固沙林,林后3~4年,灌木就可郁闭成林,流动沙丘完全被控制变为固定沙丘;林下植被结构得以改善,优良品种增多,如能合理开发其饲料等用途,还具有十分可观的经济效益。     

夏津县土地风沙化及其整治对策

夏津县土地风沙化问题突出,以农田土壤风蚀为主,以旱季最为严重。增加植被盖度,完善防护林体系,合理使用土地资源,是其整治的主要对策。