Deposits related to degradation processes on Piton des Neiges Volcano (Reunion Island): overview and geological hazard

Piton des Neiges (PN) Volcano on Reunion Island offers a rare opportunity to study deposits related to degradation processes in a deeply eroded oceanic shield volcano. Both the inner parts and flanks reveal a large amount of resedimented volcaniclastic material, including extensive debris avalanche deposits. PN litho–structural units, first studied by Upton and Wadsworth [1965, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A 271, pp. 105–130], are re-examined. This review highlights the importance of long volcanic repose periods and erosion processes during PN history. volcaniclastic deposits have been studied in the field in order to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of the three main types of PN degradation processes. The deposits of these processes have been classified into: (1) talus, (2) mudflow and debris flow, and (3) debris avalanche. Lithology, frequency and estimated volumes of each deposit type imply that the structural evolution of PN can be considered in terms of the competition between the volcanic productivity and the degradation and erosion processes. The occurrence of huge catastrophic avalanches produced by flank failure is convincingly linked to the basaltic activity of PN, which implies a very low risk at present. On the contrary, mudflows and debris flows pose an important risk due to the high population density focussed around the basin outlets. Moreover, if smaller debris avalanches can occur in the cirques of PN, another major risk must be evaluated.     

硝化和反硝化对湖泊有机质沉积成岩前降解作用的研究

贵州红枫湖10月叶绿素a(chla)和NO3^-含量均比7月明显降低。利用氮同位素等数据对此进行了研究，结果表明，含量的降低是由不同的生物地球化学作用引起的。chla含量的降低主要是水体中有机质降解(硝化)所致，而NO3^- 含量的降低则是缺氧季节湖泊沉积物表层反硝化作用的结果。缺氧季节表层水体仍然能发生较强烈的硝化作用。硝化作用和反硝化作用分别发生在热分层湖泊的上层和沉积物表层。反硝化作用不仅消耗大量的NO3^-，而且还造成了一定量的有机质降解(有机碳作为电子受体)。据估算，在红枫湖后五测点和大坝测点，总有机碳在沉积成岩前分别降解了78％和68％。其中由硝化作用引起的总有机质降解量分别为35．8%和25．9％，而反硝化作用则分别为13．4％和9．2％。     

A geographical perspective on poverty–environment interactions

This paper examines prevailing wisdoms on the topic of poverty–environmental interactions, problematizes some standard assumptions and interrogates the geographical literature on the subject. Dominant development discourse has tended to blame the poor for environmental degradation, ignoring the role of other processes and actors at various scales in causing environmental degradation. We examine how definitions of poverty, institutional arrangements, conventional economic models and assumed feedback loops may influence our understanding of poverty–environment interactions. The article gives particular attention to the political ecology approach as a lens through which this dynamic may be understood. Recent work in political ecology has broadened views of poverty–environment interactions by focusing on issues of power, scale and discourse in influencing outcomes and policies.     

西藏生态脆弱区人为作用对生态退化的影响

西藏是典型的生态脆弱区，西藏生态具有自然基础不稳定性和对外力干预的敏感性特点。本文从阐述西藏生态的敏感性入手．在辨识生态退化的人为作用方式的基础上，探讨了生态敏感性、人为作用与生态退化之间的关系及人为作用机理．进一步利用典型相关分析方法，在西藏自治医县域尺度上就人为活动对生态退化影响的强度进行了量化分析。得出了三点结论：1）人为作用通过生态敏感性而使生态趋于退化。2）人为因子与生态敏感性之间的作用不是简单的加和，而是一种乘数效应。3）总人口是生态退化的最显著的人为因子。     

Sulfur distribution in five Ethiopian Rift Valley soils under humid and semi-arid climate

The Rift Valley has diverse soil types with different fertility potential. The climate of the Rift Valley is also diverse. Five major soil types that lie in the humid, sub-humid, and semi-arid parts of the Rift Valley were studied. Total sulfur (S) in the subsoil of the Solonetz and Andosol approximates total S contents of similar soils in other parts of the world. Organic matter is the major source of total sulfur for the soils in the humid parts (Nitisol, Andosol and Vertisol), whereas gypsum is the major source for the soils in the drier parts (Fluvisol and Solonetz). The Nitisol has the lowest soluble sulfate, which is below the critical level for crop production. All other soils contain soluble sulfate which is adequate for crop production. Land degradation, crop residue removal, clearing and burning of forests and other vegetation, crop uptake, and use of non-S fertilizers are major causes of sulfur deficiency in the Rift Valley. Maintenance of the soil organic matter, utilization of subsurface inorganic S and proper management of soils should maintain the S status of the soils in the future.     

考虑强度退化效应的堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法

考虑土的动强度随振动孔隙压力上升的衰减效应,将拟静力极限平衡分析和滑动体位移分析相结合,提出了堤坝抗震稳定性评价方法.首先,基于土工动力有限元分析,确定坝坡潜在滑动土体的平均加速度时程,进而,基于拟静力概念,采用极限平衡分析,确定坝坡的安全系数随时间的变化历程,其中当安全系数瞬时小于1时,表明坝坡在地震中处于瞬时超载状态,采用Newmark刚体滑块模型估算瞬时超载所产生的滑动位移,将各个超载阶段的滑动位移叠加,求得设计地震动作用下堤坝边坡的累积滑移量,根据这种方法所进行的数值计算与分析表明,考虑强度循环退化效应后所得到的坝坡滑移量更为合理.     

Insolation weathering and hygric dilatation: two competitive factors in stone degradation

In the natural environment, temperature and moisture are very important parameters in stone degradation. Therefore, on 28 samples from different lithologies (magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks) thermal and hygric expansion measurements were performed in order to constrain their behaviour related to environmental changes. It was shown that marbles, even those that are dolomitic, are sensitive to temperature impacts. For rocks with clay minerals the effect of temperature may be responsible for shrinking. Finally the amount of residual strain, i.e. the formation of microcracks due to temperature action controls the rate of stone degradation. For most sedimentary rocks no residual strain after heating was observed. In contrast to most magmatic and metamorphic low-porosity rocks, sedimentary rocks contain swelling minerals (like smectite and even phyllosilicates), which are very sensitive to hygric attacks. The cycles of wetting and drying, i.e. the natural environmental effects, may significantly control the deterioration velocity caused by hygric expansion.     

基于NDVI的西藏自治区草地退化评价模型

本文选择草地退化三个主要的表征因子草地盖度、牧草生物量和牧草植株高度来反映草地“量”的退化程度,并运用因子分析的方法算出各个表征因子的权重,加权求和得出草地综合评价指数。最后根据NDVI与草地综合评价指数建立草地退化评价模型,为草地退化的遥感宏观评价提供了一种新方法。     

高原草地退化遥感监测对象的地学属性分析--以西藏自治区那曲县为例

本文通过分析那曲县草地退化遥感监测对象的空间分布特征、波谱响应特征和时相特征三个地学属性,得出以下结论:(1)那曲县的自然景观单元分异程度比较低;(2)退化草地植被在TM5、6波段具有高反射值,LAND-SAT TM信息源中具有对草地植被退化敏感的波段TM7,TM5和TM3;(3)高原植被返青比较晚,生长期短,7、8月份是牧草生长旺季。并根据地学属性分析结论选择7月下旬的LANDSAT TM图像作为草地退化动态监测的主要遥感信息源。     

松嫩平原西部土地退化的遥感动态监测研究——以吉林省通榆县为例

以松嫩平原西部土地退化典型地区－吉林省通榆县为例，在RS和GIS集成技术支持下，利用不同时相的TM数据，采用线性光谱混合模型方法，选用植被、盐碱地、裸沙地、沼泽地、苇地作为最终光谱单元进行线性光谱分解，依据盐碱地和裸沙地加权和分量，将试点区的土地退化划分为未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化四个等级进行动态监测，并分析土地退化的数量、空间分布与动态过程。