单宁的抗营养作用与去除方法的研究进展

单宁广泛存在于植物界中,并分布在植物的多个组织器官中,按其结构和性质可分为水解单宁、缩合单宁以及复杂单宁。单宁是植物性饲料原料中一种重要的抗营养因子,其对动物的抗营养作用主要表现在降低动物摄食率,降低营养物质的生物利用率及产生毒害作用等方面。单宁降低营养物质生物利用率的主要原因表现在:降低营养物质的消化与吸收;降低动物体内的氮平衡;改变动物消化道菌群;单宁能损害消化系统等方面。单宁的去除方法主要有理化方法和生物降解法。理化方法主要包括溶液浸提、干燥、脱壳、挤压、碱、聚乙二醇以及射线处理等。生物降解法主要是固态发酵法。本文综述了单宁的抗营养作用及去除方法。     

Application of principal component analysis to evaluation of black soil degradation in Jilin

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) can simplify the structure of database by replacing multi-dimensional parameters with relatively less comprehensive variables in order to ensure the minimum lost in initial data.In this paper,eighteen black soil samples from different sites were tested and thirteen distinctive indexes were chosen to evaluate the degeneration of black soil.By using principal component analysis,variables of thirteen dimensions can be diminished to six unrelated principal indexes.Analysis show...     

Application of principal component analysis to evaluation of black soil degradation in Jilin

Principal Component Analysis(PCA) can simplify the structure of database by replacing multi-dimensional parameters with relatively less comprehensive variables in order to ensure the minimum lost in initial data.In this paper,eighteen black soil samples from different sites were tested and thirteen distinctive indexes were chosen to evaluate the degeneration of black soil.By using principal component analysis,variables of thirteen dimensions can be diminished to six unrelated principal indexes.Analysis shows that the soluble salt content,Fulvic acids(FA) and aggregation degree have a high weighing coefficient,indicating these three indexes are the major parts for the evaluation of black soil degradation.It also provides a new path to the degenerated black soil treatment in Northeast China.     

Soil and water conservation measures improve soil carbon sequestration and soil quality under cashews

Land degradation is becoming a serious problem in the west coast region of India where one of the world's eight biodiversity hotspots,the‘Western Ghats’,is present.Poor land management practices and high rainfall have led to increasing problems associated with land degradation.A long-term(13-year)experiment was done to evaluate the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil carbon sequestration and soil quality at three different depths under cashew nut cultivation on a 19%slope.Five soil and water conservation measures-continuous contour trenches,staggered contour trenches,halfmoon terraces,semi-elliptical trenches,and graded trenches all with vegetative barriers of Stylosanthes scabra and Vetiveria zizanoides and control were evaluated for their influence on soil properties,carbon sequestration,and soil quality under cashews.The soil and water conservation measures improved significantly the soil organic carbon,soil organic carbon stock,carbon sequestration rate and microbial activity compared to the control condition(without any measures).Among the measures tested,continuous contour trenches with vegetative barriers outperformed the others with respect to soil organic carbon stock,sequestration rate,and microbial activity.The lower metabolic quotient with the measures compared to the control indicated alleviation of environmental stress on microbes.Using principal component analysis and a correlation matrix,a minimum dataset was identified as the soil available nitrogen,bulk density,basal soil respiration,soil pH,acid phosphatase activity,and soil available boron and these were the most important soil properties controlling the soil quality.Four soil quality indices using two summation methods(additive and weighted)and two scoring methods(linear and non-linear)were developed using the minimum dataset.A linear weighted soil quality index was able to statistically differentiate the effect of soil and water conservation measures from that of the control.The highest value of the soil quality index of 0.98 was achieved with continuous contour trenches with a vegetative barrier.The results of the study indicate that soil and water conservation measures for cashews are a potential strategy to improve the soil carbon sequestration and soil quality along with improving crop productivity and reducing the erosion losses.     

严重威胁可持续发展的土壤退化问题

土壤退化已成为严重的全球性环境问题之一，全球共有20亿hm 2的土壤资源受到土壤退化的影响，即全球农田、草场、森林与林地总面积大约22%的土壤发生了不同程度的退化。土壤侵蚀、化学退化、物理退化是全球范围内最主要的退化形式。土壤退化是人类活动诱导和加速的一种自然过程，其中最主要的人为驱动因素为农业土壤不适当的利用与管理、森林破坏以及过度放牧等。土壤退化的直接后果是导致土壤生产力的大幅度下降，在过去50年中，由于土壤退化而导致的全球农业产量下降幅度为11.9%～13.4%。此外，土壤退化还造成如河流与湖泊淤积、土壤有机碳储量变化、特殊生境消失以及生物多样性减少等其它环境与生态问题，对人类的生存与可持续发展形成极大威胁。因此，为了确保粮食安全与维护生态环境健康，全球在不同尺度、不同水平上防治土壤退化、修复与重建退化土壤，切实有效地实施土壤资源可持续利用战略已经成为公众关注的重要议题。     

热融湖影响下多年冻土退化的数值模拟

在柱坐标下,运用带相变的数值热传导模型,预测了千年尺度上热融湖对多年冻土退化的影响。预测结果表明,受热融湖的影响,湖底下部及周围多年冻土温度状态发生了较大变化。在湖深相同的情况下,湖底年平均温度越高,对多年冻土的热扰动越明显。当湖底年平均温度等于0℃时,湖底下部及周围多年冻土一般不会形成融化层,只可能引起地温升高;当湖底年平均温度大于0℃时,多年冻土不但温度升高,上限下移,而且可能形成融化层,最终导致多年冻土可能被融穿。湖底年平均温度越高,地温增加越快,融穿多年冻土的时间越短。在湖底年平均温度相同的情况下,水深差异对多年冻土退化的影响不明显。     

Accumulation and Reformation of Silurian Reservoir in the Northern Tarim Basin

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely-distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of "three sources, three stages" accumulation and adjustment processes. "Three sources" refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. "Three stages" represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre-Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo-reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan-Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed-source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle-Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil-gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.     

Towards sustainable development of the environmentally degraded River Heihe basin,China

Abstract

Changes in development and use of water resources over the last 30 years have led to significant environmental and hydrological degradation of the River Heihe basin in the People's Republic of China. Water discharge of the lower reaches has been seriously compromised and more than 30 tributaries and terminal lakes have dried up. The water output of springs has dropped significantly. Also water quality problems have been observed, in both surface waters and groundwater. Hydrological changes have resulted in a marked degradation of aquatic habitats, and have caused substantial, and expanding, land salinization and desertification. Solving these problems, which have been largely caused by human activities, requires massive and long-lasting concerted efforts.     

Paleoenvironmental Changes in the Lake Baringo Basin,Kenya, East Africa Since AD 1650: Evidence from the Paleorecord∗

This article presents some of the findings of a multi-indicator investigation of the history of vegetational changes and land degradation in the Lake Baringo basin, Kenya, East Africa, during the Late Holocene. ¹⁴C- and ²¹⁰Pb-dated record of the lithostratigraphy is used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment in the region of the lake. The stratigraphic record from Lake Baringo reveals the presence of two abrupt dry episodes at ca. AD 1650 and AD 1720 in east Africa that led to drying up of the lake. The record also shows evidence of a third period of desiccation at ca. AD 1880, which resulted in lowering of the lake level and is corroborated by oral tradition from the area. This article shows the potential of how the paleoenvironmental record can be combined with the historical record to understand East Africa's paleoenvironment.     

Historical Channel-Bed Elevation Change as a Result of Multiple Disturbances,Soldier Creek,Kansas

Historical information on stream stage/discharge relations from eight U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gaging stations was used to analyze channel-bed elevation change along Soldier Creek, a stream affected by multiple disturbances in northeast Kansas. The analysis provided information on the spatial (location, type, magnitude) and temporal (timing, duration, trend, rate) dimensions of channel change. Channel changes determined for Soldier Creek included extensive changes resulting from channelization and changes of relatively limited extent following a flood. The results were used to document channel changes, partly reconstruct historical channel conditions, infer the causes of channel change, and estimate the occurrence of future channel changes.