青海高原中、 东部多年冻土及寒区环境退化

近年来, 随着全球气候变暖和人类社会经济活动的增强, 处于季节冻土向片状连续多年冻土过渡区的青海高原中、 东部多年冻土退化显著. 巴颜喀拉山南坡清水河地区岛状冻土分布南界向北萎缩5 km; 清水河、 黄河沿、 星星海南岸、 黑河沿岸、 花石峡等岛状冻土和不连续多年冻土出现融化夹层和不衔接多年冻土, 有些地区冻土岛和深埋藏多年冻土消失, 多年冻土上限下降、 季节冻结深度变浅; 片状连续多年冻土地温升高、 冻土厚度减薄. 1991-2010年巴颜喀拉山南北坡不连续多年冻土分布下界分别上升90 m和100 m, 1995-2010年布青山南北坡不连续多年冻土分布下界分别上升80 m和50 m. 造成冻土退化的主要原因为气候变暖, 使得地表年均温度由负变正, 冻结期缩短, 融化期延长, 冻/融指数比缩小. 伴随着冻土退化, 高寒环境也显著退化, 地下水位下降, 植被覆盖度降低, 高寒沼泽湿地和河湖萎缩, 土地荒漠化和沙漠化造成了地表覆被条件改变.     

光助Fenton氧化法去除水中两种氯乙酸及其动力学研究

以二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸为目标污染物,研究了光助Fenton氧化去除水中卤乙酸的可行性及影响因素,并对其动力学进行了初步研究.结果表明,影响光助Fenton氧化的因素很多,氙灯功率500 W、H2O2和Fe2+投加量分别为5.0和1.0 mmol·L-1、pH=4.0反应60 min是所考察范围内的最佳降解条件,浓度为100 μg·L-1的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解率分别为90.32％、87.77％;在实际水质pH=7.0时,相同浓度的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解率分别为75.34％、68.80％.紫外辐射与Fenton氧化对二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解具有协同效应.光助Fenton氧化对二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的降解符合一级反应动力学,表观活化能分别为30.11、31.09 kJ·mo1-1,受温度影响不大.     

北京山区植被覆盖动态变化遥感监测研究

植被覆盖变化遥感监测是区域生态监测的一个重要部分,可为区域生态建设和可持续发展提供科学依据.利用北京市1979年7月14日和2005年7月25日的Landsat MSS和TM影像,采用基于归一化植被指数(ND-VI)的像元二分模型,计算了这2个时期的植被覆盖度,并对北京山区1979-2005年间植被覆盖的变化情况进行了遥感监测和定量分析.结果表明,北京山区的植被覆盖度由1979年的70.05%下降为2005年的66.14%;植被退化的总面积为3672.90km2;植被覆盖度在80%～100%的退化面积最大,为617.45km2.     

Grassland degradation in the “Three-River Headwaters&rdquo|region, Qinghai Province

Supported by MSS images in the mid and late 1970s, TM images in the early 1990s and TM/ETM images in 2004, grassland degradation in the “Three-River Headwaters” region (TRH region) was interpreted through analysis on RS images in two time series, then the spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the TRH region were ana-lyzed since the 1970s. The results showed that grassland degradation in the TRH region was a continuous change process which had large affected area and long time scale, and rapidly strengthen phenomenon did not exist in the 1990s as a whole. Grassland degradation pattern in the TRH region took shape initially in the mid and late 1970s. Since the 1970s, this deg-radation process has taken place continuously, obviously characterizing different rules in different regions. In humid and semi-humid meadow region, grassland firstly fragmentized, then vegetation coverage decreased continuously, and finally “black-soil-patch” degraded grassland was formed. But in semi-arid and arid steppe region, the vegetation coverage de-creased continuously, and finally desertification was formed. Because grassland degradation had obviously regional differences in the TRH region, it could be regionalized into 7 zones, and each zone had different characteristics in type, grade, scale and time process of grass-land degradation.     

青藏高原土壤中一株低温原油降解菌的分离鉴定及其原油降解特性

从青藏高原班戈桥地区土壤中分离到一株能利用原油为碳源生长的细菌(BGQ-6). 通过16S rRNA基因序列比对及Biolog GEN Ⅲ鉴定板确定该菌株为Rhodococcus qingshengii. 将生长至对数期的菌株接入MM培养基, 10 ℃、150 rpm条件下培养15 d后, 通过GC法检测到该菌对原油的总降解率为74.14%, 且对直链烷烃、支链烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃等60种烃类有较高的降解率. 通过特异性基因扩增检测到该菌株基因组中具有4个alkB和1个almA两种烷烃羟化酶基因.     

基于一种脆性指标确定岩石残余强度

岩石的残余强度是岩石力学的重要指标,准确地评价岩石残余强度对于评价地下工程的稳定性以及优化岩体支护设计具有重要意义。基于岩石的三轴力学特性提出一种表征岩石峰后强度衰减行为的力学指标--岩石强度衰减系数,该指标可反映岩石的脆性程度,并提出岩石强度衰减系数与围压关系的幂函数模型。对22组不同成因的岩石常规三轴压缩试验数据进行幂函数模型参数拟合,发现不同岩石拟合所得参数离散性较大,分析其原因主要与岩石矿物组成和岩石结构特征等因素相关。在此基础上提出基于强度衰减方法确定岩石残余强度的方法,分析表明,该方法能够很好地拟合岩石残余强度试验数据,并能反映岩石结构性质对残余强度的影响。     

A GLE-based model for seismic displacement analysis of slopes including strength degradation and geometry rearrangement

Seismic performance of natural slopes, earth structures and solid-waste landfills can be evaluated through displacement-based methods in which permanent displacements induced by earthquake loading are assumed to progressively develop along the critical sliding surface as a result of transient activation of plastic mechanisms within the soil mass. For sliding mechanisms of general shape the earthquake-induced displacements should be computed using a model that provides a closer approximation of sliding surface. When large permanent displacement are induced by seismic actions, due to substantial shear strength reduction, and significant changes in ground surface occur, an improved estimate of permanent displacement can be obtained using a model which accounts for shear strength reduction and mass transfer between adjacent portions of the slope resulting from geometry changes of ground surface during the seismic event.In this paper, a GLE-based model is proposed for seismic displacement analysis of slopes that accounts for shear strength degradation and for geometry rearrangement. Model accuracy is validated against experimental results obtained from shaking table tests carried out on small scale model slopes. Comparison of computed and experimental results demonstrates the capability of the proposed approach in capturing the main features of the observed seismic response of the model slopes.     

天然闪锌矿矿物学特征与光催化性能

本文采集了我国19个产地的天然闪锌矿进行矿物学和光催化性能研究。样品皆为立方Zn S结构,化学成分变化较大,其中Fe对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.235%~14.826%(质量分数,下同),Cd对闪锌矿中Zn的替代范围为0.133%~1.576%。闪锌矿中Fe含量由低到高,导致颜色由浅变深直至呈黑色,半导体禁带宽度由大变小,估算获得天然闪锌矿的禁带宽度范围为3.18~2.28 e V,明显低于纯Zn S禁带宽度3.68 e V,光催化响应均在可见光范围。验证光催化实验结果表明含Fe较低、含Cd较高的天然闪锌矿可见光催化还原降解甲基橙的效果较佳,如可见光下1 g/L闪锌矿样品(含铁4.262%,含镉1.576%)对30 mg/L甲基橙催化反应4 h后的脱色降解率达到82.11%。天然闪锌矿中Fe含量影响着禁带宽度和光响应范围,Cd含量影响着光催化性能,为高附加值开发利用贱金属资源天然闪锌矿提供了科学依据。