一次全省性强雷暴天气的地闪特征

2009年6月26日浙江出现全省范围的雷暴天气,此次过程中出现的地闪频数是自2006年闪电定位系统建立以来出现最多的一次。利用闪电定位实测资料、加密雨量站雨量实况以及多普勒天气雷达产品,对这一过程的地闪特征进行了分析。结果表明:此次地闪以负地闪为主,负地闪广泛分布于25～55dBz雷电回波区域内,而正闪多出现在25～35dBz回波中;地闪多出现在回波发展和前进的一侧,且密集分布在回波的梯度最大处,强回波中心处地闪较少出现;在回波开始减弱到中心强度为35dBz左右的区域没有地闪发生。地闪频数与全省过程累积降水量有很好的相关性,地闪的出现及其频数的增加意味着影响某地的强对流风暴正在发展或正向本地移来,对于单站来说雨强峰值滞后于地闪频数峰值半个小时以上,对于全省累积降水量则提前1～2h。因此地闪资料可以作为强对流天气的短时强降水预报的预警依据。     

山东2009年10月降水气候背景及前期海温与大气环流特征

利用1951—2009年北半球500hPa高度、北太平洋海温、环流特征量、降水等资料,采用相关分析、合成分析、经验函数正交分解(EOF)、子波分析等多种统计技术,对影响山东2009年10月降水趋势的各种因素进行分析和研究。结果表明:山东10月降水大致存在3种降水分布型;在不同时间尺度的气候背景上,2009年10月山东基本处于一个少雨或由少雨向多雨转换的气候阶段;2009年春季加利福尼亚冷流的减弱,2009年6月开始的厄尔尼诺事件及6月起西太平洋副高持续的偏强、偏西、正常或偏南状态,各种指标均指示山东10月降水偏少的可能性大,预测与实况基本吻合。     

武汉市10个主要极端天气气候指数变化趋势分析

根据武汉市1951—2007年逐日气温、降水量计算分析了10个极端天气气候指数的变化特征。结果表明:1)4个气温指数中,年及四季高、低温阈值均为上升趋势,并造成最长热浪天数的延长和霜冻日数的减少;低温阈值升速明显快于高温阈值,高温阈值仅在春季变化显著,最长热浪天数仅在冬季变化显著;低温阈值则为极显著上升趋势,尤其是年和冬季,造成"热春"、"暖冬"频繁;暖夜、闷热、傍晚至夜间的强对流等显著增多,暖日、高温热浪增加,霜冻日大幅减少。2)6个极端降水指数以增趋势为主,其中强降水阈值、比例、日数以及最大5日降水量在冬季增趋势最明显,仅夏季强降水阈值、比例略有减小,冬季日降水强度的增大趋势、夏季持续干期的缩短趋势显著性水平分别可达0.1、0.01。3)一些气温指数在1980—1990年代发生突变,而降水指数未现突变。     

近46年西藏高原昼夜降水变化趋势

选取西藏地区18个气象站1961～2006年逐时降水资料,分析近46年昼夜降水的变化趋势。结果显示:近46年,西藏大部分地区各时段夜雨率均呈减少趋势,昼雨率呈增多趋势;夜雨天数冬半年各区域都呈增多趋势,年和夏半年东北部和藏西北地区呈增多趋势,其他区域呈减少趋势,而昼雨天数大部分地区年、季都呈增多趋势。昼、夜雨率和雨次的年代际变率较大,各区域年代际变化不一致,无明显的增减趋势;夜雨率冬半年出现异常最多,各区域年、季多为异常偏少。昼雨率冬、夏半年出现异常较多,年和夏半年多异常偏少,冬半年基本上为异常偏多;夜雨天数夏半年出现异常的最多,东部地区以异常偏少居多,中西部地区以异常偏多为主。昼雨天数夏半年出现异常最多,南部边缘地区均为异常偏多,藏北地区也以偏多为主,其他区域多异常偏少。西藏大部分地区年、季昼夜雨率的大小更多依赖于降水强度,而非雨次的多少。     

初夏至盛夏东亚副热带西风急流突变早晚与东亚环流异常的关系

利用1961-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析逐候资料和全国160站月平均降水资料,分析了初夏至盛夏东亚副热带急流北跳和急流中心西移发生早晚对7月东亚大气环流和我国降水的影响。结果表明,急流北跳时间与7月长江中下游地区降水异常正相关,急流中心西移时间则与7月淮河流域降水异常正相关,与华北和河套地区降水异常负相关。急流北跳时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压南北位置异常及高纬贝加尔湖以东高压脊强度相关;而急流中心西移时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压的东西伸展及贝加尔湖以西高压脊强度相关,在急流中心西移偏晚年,南亚高压西缩,贝加尔湖西南侧高压脊增强,南下至华北和河套地区冷空气偏强,且西太平洋副热带高压东撤,冷暖空气在淮河流域交汇,使得华北和河套地区降水减少而淮河流域降水偏多;偏早年情况与偏晚年情况相反。     

RIEMS2.0不同模拟区域模拟中国北方多年气候平均态比较

Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0 （RIEMS2.0） is now being developed by the Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In order to test the sensitivity of the RIEMS2.0 model domain to simulate long-term climate and its change, and provide a basis for the further development and application of the model, the authors compared results between simulated and observed precipitation and surface-airtemperature using two model domains under different cumulus parameterization schemes. The model was driven by NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data with a simulation duration ranging from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 2007. There were no significant differences found in the spatial distributions of the simulated precipitation and surface-air-temperature, or interannual variations between the two model domains. There were, however, differences observed between the two model domain simulations of local sub-regions. The smaller model domain more accurately simulated precipitation, especially in summer （June, July, and August）, and decreased the bias of surface-airtemperature, especially in winter （December, January, and February）. The weak summer and winter monsoons simulated by the smaller model domain was a result of boundary forcings and may partially account for the improvements of this model.     

基于5分钟雷达资料降水估测模型的比较

For the Z-R relationship in radar-based rainfall estimation, the distribution of corresponding R values for a given Z value （or the corresponding Z value for a given R value） may be highly skewed. However, the traditional power-law model is physically deduced and fitted under the normal-distribution presumption of radar wave echoes associated with a rain rate value, and it may not be very appropriate. Considering this problem, the authors devised several generalized linear models with different forms and distribution presumptions to represent the Z-R relationship. Radar-reflectivity scans observed by a CINRAD/SC Doppler radar and 5-minute rainfall accumulation recorded by 10 ground gauges were used to fit these models. All data used in this study were collected during some large rainfalls of the period from 2005 to 2007. The radar and all gauges were installed in the catchment of the Yishu River, a branch of the Huaihe River in China. Three models based on normal distribution and a dBZ presumption of gamma distribution were fitted using maximum-likelihood techniques, which were resolved by genetic algorithms. Comparisons of estimated maximized likelihoods based on assumptions of gamma and normal distribution showed that all generalized linear models （GLMs） of presumed gamma distribution were better fitted than GLMs based on normal distribution. In a comparison of maximum-likelihood, the differences between these three models were small. Three error statistics were used to assess the agreement between radar estimated rainfall and gauge rainfall： relative bias （B）, root mean square error （RMSE）, and correlation coefficient （r）. The results showed that no one model was excellent in all criteria. On the whole, the GLM-based models gave smaller relative bias than the traditional power-law model. It is suggested that validations conducted in many previous works should have been made against a specific criterion but overlooked others.     

中国近54年来夏季极端降水事件特征研究

利用1960~2013年中国6~8月无缺测的571站逐日降水资料,定义7个极端降水指数,研究中国夏季极端降水事件特征。结果表明:(1)极端降水事件空间分布存在明显的区域性差异,长江中下游地区、华南地区、西北地区表现为增加趋势,东北地区、华北地区、西南部分地区表现为减少趋势;时间分布表现出具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,极端降水事件有增加趋势,在20世纪90年代初期有明显转折。(2)M-K检验表现出极端降水事件在20世纪90年代初发生突变,突变前(后)偏弱(强)。(3)极端降水指数周期振荡不完全一致,准15年周期振荡为主,其次是准7年周期,最强振动出现在1998年。(4)除持续干期指数外,其他极端降水指数间存在较好的相关性。     

全球气候模式对宁夏区域未来气候变化的情景模拟分析

利用多个全球气候模式(GCM)的情景模拟结果分析只考虑温室气体效应的IS92a GG情景和同时考虑温室气体效应和硫化物气溶胶辐射效应的IS92aGS情景以及SRESA2、B2情景下宁夏区域21世纪地面气温和降水量的可能变化,并进行不确定性分析。气候基准时段(1961~1990年)模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明,GCM对宁夏气候具有一定的模拟能力;整体上讲,GCM对地面气温的模拟值偏低,对降水量的模拟值偏高,其中ECHAM4和HadCM3对宁夏基准时段地面气温和降水量的模拟结果与观测比较接近。各GCM模拟值的平均结果显示,4种温室气体排放情景下21世纪宁夏区域气温持续升高,至21世纪末宁夏升温幅度可达4~6℃,与全国平均的增温幅度大致相当;与升温趋势相应的是降水量的增加,但降水变化呈现出很大的波动性,至21世纪末宁夏的降水变化幅度可达10%~40%。各个GCM模拟的宁夏气候变化的总趋势是一致的,但各模式在不同情景下模拟结果的差异很大,存在较大的不确定性。     

Forecasting the western Pacific subtropical high index during typhoon activity using a hybrid deep learning model

Seasonal location and intensity changes in the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) are important factors dominating the synoptic weather and the distribution and magnitude of precipitation in the rain belt over East Asia. Therefore, this article delves into the forecast of the western Pacific subtropical high index during typhoon activity by adopting a hybrid deep learning model. Firstly, the predictors, which are the inputs of the model, are analysed based on three characteristics: the first...